{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:00:51Z","timestamp":1763622051740,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cataract surgery is the most common eye operation worldwide and is regarded as one of the safest procedures in medicine. Yet, despite its low complication rates, it generates a disproportionate share of litigation. The gap between excellent safety profiles and rising medico-legal claims is driven less by surgical outcomes than by patient expectations, often shaped by healthcare marketing and the promise of risk-free recovery. This narrative review explores the clinical and legal dimensions of cataract surgery, focusing on complications, perioperative risk factors, and medico-legal concepts of predictability and preventability. Particular emphasis is given to European frameworks, with the Italian Gelli-Bianco Law (Law No. 24\/2017) providing a model of accountability that balances innovation and patient safety. Analysis shows that liability exposure spans all phases of surgery: preoperative (inadequate consent, poor documentation), intraoperative (posterior capsule rupture, zonular instability), and postoperative (endophthalmitis, poor follow-up). Practical strategies for risk reduction include advanced imaging such as macular OCT, rigorous adherence to updated guidelines, systematic video recording, and transparent perioperative communication. Patient-reported outcomes further highlight that satisfaction depends more on visual quality and dialogue than on spectacle independence. By translating legal principles into clinical strategies, this review offers surgeons actionable \u201csurgical\u2013legal pearls\u201d to improve outcomes, strengthen patient trust, and reduce medico-legal vulnerability in high-volume cataract surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T14:50:38Z","timestamp":1758898238000},"page":"6838","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From Routine to Risk: Medical Liability and the Legal Implications of Cataract Surgery in the Age of Trivialization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3645-6005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Nioi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7020-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro Emanuele","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy"},{"name":"Studio Oculistico Dr. Pietro Emanuele Napoli, 09014 Carloforte, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2347-4232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"Nieddu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0952-9712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Chighine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Carai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernesto","family":"d\u2019Aloja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forensic Medicine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09040 Cagliari, Sardinia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EUROSTAT (2025, September 13). Cataract Surgery: How Countries Compare. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/-\/DDN-20190108-1."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botta, J., Barsam, A., Dmitriew, A., Zaldivar, R., Wiley, W.F., and Windsor, S. (2024). Factors influencing outcome satisfaction after cataract surgery: Patient-reported insights from the RayPro database. BMC Ophthalmol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-024-03800-3"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"17","article-title":"Vision 2020: The Cataract Challenge","volume":"13","author":"Foster","year":"2000","journal-title":"Community Eye Health"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2020.1714673","article-title":"A Perspective of Contemporary Cataract Surgery: The Most Common Surgical Procedure in the World","volume":"50","author":"McGhee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. N. Z."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30544-5","article-title":"Cataracts","volume":"390","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000110","article-title":"Medicolegal Pitfalls of Cataract Surgery","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Stauch, M. (2008). The Law of Medical Negligence in England and Germany: A Comparative Analysis, Hart Publishing."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Bird, N., and Howe, B. (2022). The Professional Negligence Law Review, Law Business Research Ltd.. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.54648\/ERPL2025029","article-title":"Why is Tort Law Reform So Difficult in Portugal? The Example of Medical Liability","volume":"33","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Priv. Law"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"65","article-title":"Compensation Schemes for Health Harm Caused by Medical Error: Comparative Legal Research and Choice of Path for the Russian Federation","volume":"163","author":"Kislaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bol. Mex. Der. Comp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.5633\/amm.2019.0219","article-title":"Medical Negligence in the Republic of Serbia","volume":"58","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Med. Medianae"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"38","article-title":"Medical Liability in Spanish Tort Law","volume":"23","author":"Ruda","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Droit Sant\u00e9 Assur. Mal."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Italian Republic (2025, September 15). Legge 8 Marzo 2017, n. 24\u2014Gelli-Bianco Law. Available online: https:\/\/www.quotidianosanita.it\/allegati\/allegato2323545.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ministero delle Imprese e del Made in Italy, Ministero della Salute, and Ministero dell\u2019Economia e delle Finanze (Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana, 2024). Decreto 15 dicembre 2023, n. 232, Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Societ\u00e0 Oftalmologica Italiana (SOI) (2025, September 13). Linee Guida Clinico-Organizzative Sulla Chirurgia Della Cataratta; October 2016. Available online: https:\/\/www.sedesoi.com\/linee-guida-soi\/."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Associazione Italiana Medici Oculisti (AIMO) (2025, September 13). Linea Guida: La Chirurgia della Cataratta Dell\u2019adulto. Sistema Nazionale Linee Guida, 20 March 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.oculistiaimo.it\/iniziative-e-media\/linee-guida.html."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"NICE (2017). Cataracts in Adults: Management, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Available online: https:\/\/www.nice.org.uk\/guidance\/ng77."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12758","article-title":"Indication for Cataract Surgery: Do We Have Evidence of Who Will Benefit from Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"94","author":"Kessel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-8102","article-title":"Establishing Levels of Indications for Cataract Surgery: Combining Clinical and Questionnaire Data into a Measure of Cataract Impact","volume":"53","author":"McAlinden","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"377","article-title":"Cataract Surgery\u2014Indications, Techniques, and Intraocular Lens Selection","volume":"120","author":"Lapp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.07.020","article-title":"Waiting Time for Cataract Extraction: Predictive Factors and Influence on Outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Quintana","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2009.12.041","article-title":"Decision Trees for Indication of Cataract Surgery Based on Changes in Visual Acuity","volume":"117","author":"Quintana","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2008.07.017","article-title":"Validity of Newly Developed Appropriateness Criteria for Cataract Surgery","volume":"116","author":"Quintana","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2020.03.11","article-title":"Cataract Blindness in Hungary","volume":"13","author":"Szalai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Government of Italy (2025, September 13). Regulation for the Implementation and Enforcement of the Highway Code, Article 322. Off. Gaz. 1992, 303, December 28. Available online: https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/serie_generale\/caricaArticolo?art.progressivo=0&art.idArticolo=322&art.versione=1&art.codiceRedazionale=092G0531&art.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=1992-12-28&art.idGruppo=40&art.idSottoArticolo1=10&art.idSottoArticolo=1&art.flagTipoArticolo=0."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1097\/j.jcrs.0000000000000096","article-title":"Definition and Clinical Relevance of the Concept of Functional Vision in Cataract Surgery: ESCRS Position Statement on Intermediate Vision","volume":"46","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"S16","article-title":"Understanding Definitions of Visual Impairment and Functional Vision","volume":"33","author":"Vaishali","year":"2020","journal-title":"Community Eye Health J. S. Asia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2016.1284","article-title":"Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Blindness in Adults in the United States: Demographic and Geographic Variations from 2015 to 2050","volume":"134","author":"Varma","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30956-4","article-title":"for the EAGLE Study Group. Effectiveness of Early Lens Extraction for the Treatment of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma (EAGLE): A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"388","author":"Burr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.05.021","article-title":"One Million Cataract Surgeries: Swedish National Cataract Register 1992\u20132009","volume":"37","author":"Behndig","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.07.030","article-title":"Informed Consent for Cataract Surgery: Patient Understanding of Verbal, Written, and Videotaped Information","volume":"38","author":"Shukla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(03)00234-7","article-title":"Informed Consent for Cataract Surgery: What Patients Do and Do Not Understand","volume":"29","author":"Scanlan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"97","article-title":"Informed Consent for Elective Surgery\u2014What Is Best Practice?","volume":"100","author":"Anderson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02633-6","article-title":"Attitudes and Understanding of Premium Intraocular Lenses in Cataract Surgery: A Public Health Sector Patient Survey","volume":"38","author":"Jameel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2020.10.036","article-title":"A Decision Aid to Facilitate Informed Choices among Cataract Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"104","author":"Ye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S298876","article-title":"Subjective Opinions of Patients about Step-by-Step Cataract Surgery Preparation","volume":"15","author":"Obuchowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002529","article-title":"Preventing Adverse Events in Cataract Surgery: Recommendations from a Massachusetts Expert Panel","volume":"126","author":"Nanji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-022-02320-y","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography as a Diagnostic Intervention before Cataract Surgery\u2014A Review","volume":"37","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701493","article-title":"Risk Management Strategies Following Analysis of Cataract Negligence Claims","volume":"19","author":"Bhan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.072850","article-title":"\u201cNear Misses\u201d in a Cataract Theatre: How Do We Improve Understanding and Documentation?","volume":"89","author":"Mandal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agarwal, A. (2013). Posterior Capsular Rupture: A Practical Guide to Prevention and Management, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.5005\/jp\/books\/12304_2"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1057_17","article-title":"Posterior Capsular Rent: Prevention and Management","volume":"65","author":"Chakrabarti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.01.047","article-title":"Effect and Outcomes of Posterior Capsule Rupture in a District General Hospital Setting","volume":"32","author":"Ang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Buratto, L., Brint, S.F., and Romano, M.R. (2013). Cataract Surgery Complications, SLACK Incorporated."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.07.18","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes and Complications between FLACS and Conventional Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery: A PRISMA-Compliant Meta-Analysis of 25 Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6257(99)00022-3","article-title":"Management of Retained Intravitreal Lens Fragments after Cataract Surgery","volume":"43","author":"Monshizadeh","year":"1999","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2625","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S314148","article-title":"Anterior Chamber Retained Lens Fragments after Cataract Surgery: A Case Series and Narrative Review","volume":"15","author":"Moshirfar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"e66587","article-title":"Phacoemulsification Techniques and Their Effects on Corneal Endothelial Cells and Visual Acuity: A Review of \u201cDirect-Chop\u201d and \u201cStop-and-Chop\u201d Approaches under Topical Anesthesia","volume":"16","author":"Upasani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2013.248","article-title":"Optimising biometry for best outcomes in cataract surgery","volume":"28","author":"Sheard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-021-00390-x","article-title":"Relationship Between Postoperative Intraocular Lens Shift and Change in Refraction Following Cataract Surgery","volume":"10","author":"Teshigawara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"1418","article-title":"Survey of Practice Patterns for Intraocular Lens Implantation in the Absence of Capsular Support","volume":"42","author":"Sorenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(02)02000-6","article-title":"Intraocular Lens Implantation in the Absence of Capsular Support: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology","volume":"110","author":"Wagoner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2014.06.025","article-title":"Femtosecond Laser\u2013Assisted Cataract Surgery versus Standard Phacoemulsification Cataract Surgery: Outcomes and Safety in More Than 4000 Cases at a Single Center","volume":"41","author":"Abell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2013.05.033","article-title":"Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss and Corneal Thickness in Conventional Compared with Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Cataract Surgery: Three-Month Follow-Up","volume":"39","author":"Schultz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"CD003738","article-title":"Interventions for Preventing Posterior Capsule Opacification","volume":"2","author":"Findl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"CD012234","article-title":"Intraocular Lens Optic Edge Design for the Prevention of Posterior Capsule Opacification after Cataract Surgery","volume":"8","author":"Maedel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0723-5","article-title":"Capsular Fibrosis: A Review of Prevention Methods and Management","volume":"34","author":"Findl","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Br\u00e9zin, A.P., Labbe, A., Schweitzer, C., Lignereux, F., Rozot, P., Goguillot, M., Bugnard, F., and Dot, C. (2023). Incidence of Nd:YAG Laser Capsulotomy Following Cataract Surgery: A Population-Based Nationwide Study\u2014FreYAG1 Study. BMC Ophthalmol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-03134-6"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-024-00577-x","article-title":"Perioperative Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage and Its Surgical Management: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Retin. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.5301\/ejo.5000707","article-title":"Choroidal Effusion and Suprachoroidal Hemorrhage During Phacoemulsification: Intraoperative Management to Prevent Expulsive Hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Savastano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1097\/ICU.0000000000000623","article-title":"Cataract Surgery and Intraocular Pressure in Glaucoma","volume":"31","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S468452","article-title":"Current Status of Shared Decision-Making in Intraocular Lens Selection for Cataract Surgery: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"18","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210701700104","article-title":"Outcomes of Acute Postoperative Inflammation after Cataract Surgery","volume":"17","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"2","article-title":"The WHO Surgical Safety Checklist: A Review of Outcomes and Implementation Strategies","volume":"15","author":"Barimani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Saf. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, C., and Bardan, A.S. (2021). Cataract Surgery: Pearls and Techniques, Springer Nature.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-38234-6"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2019.08.026","article-title":"Endophthalmitis after Cataract Surgery in the United States: A Report from the IRIS Registry, 2013\u20132017","volume":"127","author":"Pershing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.07.007","article-title":"Postoperative Endophthalmitis in Immediate Sequential Bilateral Cataract Surgery: A Nationwide Registry Study","volume":"129","author":"Friling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infpip.2024.100387","article-title":"Infection Prevention and Control Factors Associated with Post-Cataract Surgery Endophthalmitis\u2014A Review of the Literature from 2010\u20132023","volume":"6","author":"Saba","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Prev. Pract."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1097\/IAE.0000000000002856","article-title":"Visual Outcome of Early Vitrectomy and Intravitreal Antibiotics in Acute Postsurgical and Postintravitreal Injection Endophthalmitis: EVRS Report Two","volume":"41","author":"Soliman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retina"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanza, M., Koprowski, R., Boccia, R., Ruggiero, A., De Rosa, L., Tortori, A., Wilczy\u0144ski, S., Melillo, P., Sbordone, S., and Simonelli, F. (2021). Classification Tree to Analyze Factors Connected with Postoperative Complications of Cataract Surgery in a Teaching Hospital. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10225399"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, I.-H., Lee, C.-Y., Chen, J.-T., Chen, Y.-H., Chung, C.-H., Sun, C.-A., Chien, W.-C., Chen, H.-C., and Chen, C.-L. (2021). Predisposing Factors for Severe Complications after Cataract Surgery: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153336"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajraktari, G., Juki\u0107, T., Kalauz, M., Oroz, M., Radolovi\u0107 Berteti\u0107, A., and Vukojevi\u0107, N. (2023). Early and Late Complications after Cataract Surgery in Patients with Uveitis. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1409.v1"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2015.2810","article-title":"A Proposed Minimum Standard Set of Outcome Measures for Cataract Surgery","volume":"133","author":"Mahmud","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01839-6","article-title":"Cataracts","volume":"401","author":"Cicinelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1410846","article-title":"Preoperative Medical Testing in Medicare Patients Undergoing Cataract Surgery","volume":"372","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8653476","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8653476","article-title":"Real-World Cataract Surgery Complications and Secondary Interventions Incidence Rates: An Analysis of US Medicare Claims Database","volume":"2022","author":"Terveen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"321","article-title":"Patterns of Cataract Surgery-Related Litigations in the United States from 2000\u20132020. Expert Rev","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e180","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e180","article-title":"Medical Litigations Associated with Cataract Surgery in Korea","volume":"33","author":"Kwak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2010.182774","article-title":"Causes of Cataract Surgery Malpractice Claims in England 1995\u20132008","volume":"95","author":"Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1633","article-title":"Seven Hundred Medico-Legal Cases in Ophthalmology","volume":"105","author":"Bettman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/19\/6838\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T14:58:02Z","timestamp":1758898682000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/19\/6838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14196838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14196838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}