{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:51:12Z","timestamp":1791931872122,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) enhances anesthesiology by introducing adaptive systems that improve clinical precision, safety, and responsiveness. This review examines the integration of AI in anesthetic practice, with a focus on closed-loop systems that exemplify autonomous control. These platforms integrate continuous physiologic inputs, such as BIS, EEG, heart rate, and blood pressure, to titrate anesthetic agents in real time, providing more consistent and responsive management than manual methods. Predictive algorithms reduce intraoperative hypotension by up to 40%, and systems such as McSleepy demonstrate greater accuracy in maintaining anesthetic depth and shortening recovery times. In critical care, AI supports sedation management, reduces clinician cognitive load, and standardizes care delivery during high-acuity procedures. The review also addresses the ethical, legal, and logistical challenges to widespread adoption of AI. Key concerns include algorithmic bias, explainability, and accountability for machine-generated decisions and disparities in access due to infrastructure demands. Regulatory frameworks, such as HIPAA and GDPR, are discussed in the context of securing patient data and ensuring its ethical deployment. Additionally, AI may play a transformative role in global health through remote anesthesia delivery and telemonitoring, helping address anesthesiologist shortages in resource-limited settings. Ultimately, AI-guided closed-loop systems do not replace clinicians; instead, they extend their capacity to deliver safe, responsive, and personalized anesthesia. These technologies signal a shift toward robotic anesthesia, where machine autonomy complements human oversight. Continued interdisciplinary development and rigorous clinical validation will determine how AI integrates into both operating rooms and intensive care units.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196900","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T09:12:23Z","timestamp":1759223543000},"page":"6900","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Artificial Intelligence in Anesthesia: Enhancing Precision, Safety, and Global Access Through Data-Driven Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rakshita","family":"Giri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 25 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaik Huma","family":"Firdhos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 25 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-4233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Vida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 25 Shadow Lane, Las Vegas, NV 89106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006752","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Anesthetic Care: A Survey of Physician Anesthesiologists","volume":"138","author":"Diatta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth. 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