{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:45:02Z","timestamp":1789055102004,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministry of Health, Italy","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Lower limb amputation (LLA), due to non-traumatic causes such as vascular diseases and diabetes, significantly impacts patients\u2019 physical, psychological, and social well-being. While multidisciplinary rehabilitation programs commonly address physical and functional recovery, psychological and subjective experiences related to limb loss remain less explored. Thus, this preliminary study aimed to investigate the psychological and behavioral adaptation processes in patients undergoing rehabilitation following lower limb amputation. Methods: A preliminary observational study with a mixed-method approach based on quantitative and qualitative data triangulation was conducted. This approach involves integrating multiple data sources and methodologies\u2014in this case, quantitative psychometric measures and qualitative interviews via the prospective of amputees and those who use prostheses\u2014to enhance the validity and depth of the research findings. Results: Fourteen inpatient amputees and fourteen inpatient prosthesis users (years: 66.6 \u00b1 2.5 for amputee and 61.5 \u00b1 1.9 for prosthesis users, male amputees: 85.7%, male prosthesis users: 100%) of a research hospital in the North of Italy were assessed using validated psychometric tools (GAD-7, PHQ-9, PID-5-BF, BIS, ASonA) alongside semi-structured interviews analyzed through the Interpretive Description approach. Key themes highlighted illness acceptance, prosthesis adaptation, body image, medication and behavioral adherence, anxiety, depression, quality of life, denial, optimism, and social support. Overall, anxiety\u2013depressive symptomatology tended to decrease with the prosthesis, and pharmacological and behavioral adherence improved, as did the disease acceptance. Body image was fairly preserved in all patients despite some fears of others\u2019 judgment with respect to the prosthesis. Interestingly, there was poor agreement between quantitative and qualitative data in both the amputee\u2019 and prosthesis users\u2019 groups: while the former returned a partial and neutral picture, a more multifaceted picture emerged from the interviews collected. Conclusions: These findings underline the importance of integrating quantitative psychometric evaluations with qualitative methods to comprehensively understand patients\u2019 adaptive experiences. Such combined insights are essential to inform tailored psychological interventions throughout the rehabilitation journey.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T15:20:38Z","timestamp":1759332038000},"page":"6973","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Psychological and Behavioral Adjustment in Patients with Non-Traumatic Lower Limb Amputation and Prosthesis: A Mixed-Method Triangulation Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3360-7293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Maffoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Casati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Tambussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4534-3547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Torlaschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Baldini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Dragoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cira","family":"Fundar\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurophysiopathology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Bagnara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Subacute Care of Milano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4678-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Pierobon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit of Montescano Institute, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, 27040 Montescano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-018-4024-6","article-title":"Hallmarks of Amputation Surgery","volume":"43","author":"Markatos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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