{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T23:26:47Z","timestamp":1761175607902,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RS-2024-00457444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00457444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ocular wavefront aberrations are clinically relevant for optimizing vision correction and predicting surgical outcomes. This study aimed to establish normative reference ranges for a Korean population by quantifying wavefront aberrations using a Hartmann\u2013Shack wavefront sensor and Zernike coefficients, and to assess correlations with age, sex, and spherical equivalent (SE). Methods: Wavefront aberrations were measured in 98 Koreans (196 eyes) using a Hartmann\u2013Shack aberrometer without cycloplegia. Five repeated measurements per eye at a 6 mm pupil size were averaged. Parameters included Zernike coefficients (Z3\u2013Z20), higher-order aberration (HOA) root mean square (RMS, Z6\u2013Z20), and total RMS (Z3\u2013Z20). Associations with age, sex, and SE were assessed using univariable and multivariable linear mixed-effects models. Second-order polynomial regression assessed nonlinear relationships. Interocular symmetry was evaluated using mirror-symmetry-adjusted Spearman\u2019s correlation and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: Vertical coma (Z7, 0.208 \u00b1 0.174 \u03bcm) and spherical aberration (Z12, 0.200 \u00b1 0.161 \u03bcm) were the largest contributors to HOA RMS. Mean HOA RMS and total RMS were 0.51 \u00b1 0.21 \u03bcm and 3.03 \u00b1 2.51 \u03bcm, respectively. HOA RMS increased with age (\u03b2 = 0.003 \u03bcm\/year, p = 0.010), whereas total RMS decreased with SE (\u03b2 = \u22120.678 \u03bcm\/D, p &lt; 0.001). Most Zernike coefficients showed positive interocular correlations, with ICCs of 0.75 for total RMS and 0.64 for HOA RMS. Conclusions: In normal Korean eyes, HOAs increased with age and exhibited significant interocular symmetry. Vertical coma and spherical aberration were predominant components. While the pattern was similar to that in Western populations, the absolute values were greater. These normative values may aid future wavefront-guided refractive surgery and presbyopia correction procedures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14196981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T08:20:28Z","timestamp":1759393228000},"page":"6981","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Distribution and Demographic Correlates of Ocular Wavefront Aberrations in a Korean Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ji Young","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noh Eun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dongsan Medical Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong Hwa","family":"Jun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dongsan Medical Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7521-544X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Pil","family":"Bang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Dongsan Medical Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9071.2009.02005.x","article-title":"Clinical applications of wavefront aberrometry\u2014A review","volume":"37","author":"Maeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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