{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:14:14Z","timestamp":1790727254863,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002426","name":"Fondazione Telethon","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GSA22N002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GSA22N002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002426","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Sturge\u2013Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare neuro-oculocutaneous disorder characterized by leptomeningeal angioma, naevus flammeus, and ocular manifestations, including diffuse choroidal hemangioma (DCH). This study compares the diagnostic performance of near-infrared reflectance (NIR) imaging and enhanced depth imaging spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (EDI-SDOCT) with fundus photography in detecting DCH. Methods: Seventeen patients with SWS underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic evaluation, including fundus photography, NIR, and EDI-SDOCT imaging. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of fundus photography, NIR, and EDI-SDOCT were calculated. Results: Sixteen patients had evaluable data. DCH was identified by fundus photography in five (31%), NIR in three (18.75%), and EDI-SDOCT in fourteen patients (87.50%). EDI-SDOCT alone demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 100% accuracy, outperforming both NIR (21.4% sensitivity; 31.6% accuracy) and fundus photography (35.7% sensitivity; 43.8% accuracy). When positive findings on NIR and\/or SDOCT were combined, sensitivity and accuracy reached 100%. EDI-SDOCT provided detailed morphologic visualization of the choroid, allowing for early diagnosis of DCH even in pediatric cases with limited patient cooperation. Conclusions: EDI-SDOCT significantly improves the detection of DCH in SWS compared with fundus photography and NIR. Given its superior sensitivity and accuracy, incorporating EDI-SDOCT into routine clinical assessment may enable earlier diagnosis and reduce retinal complications in SWS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T14:18:28Z","timestamp":1759501108000},"page":"7012","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Advancing Non-Invasive Ophthalmic Imaging in Sturge\u2013Weber Syndrome: Clinical Guidelines Towards Early Choroidal Hemangioma Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1089-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariachiara","family":"Di Pippo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria","family":"Rullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6600-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Ciancimino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-9205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3854-9299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"St. Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"St. Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-7758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Di Nardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Unit, Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"St. Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5256-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, 56121 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Perulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0491-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica Immacolata","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Child Neurology and Psychiatric Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ezio Maria","family":"Nicodemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS IDI\u2014FLMM, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0920-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solmaz","family":"Abdolrahimzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00135 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"St. Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e318220c5b6","article-title":"Presentation, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology, and Treatment of the Neurological Features of Sturge-Weber 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