{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:12:09Z","timestamp":1791472329695,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced heart failure (AdHF) is a progressive condition with a high morbidity and mortality burden despite optimal medical therapy. Heart transplant (HT) and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) represent the only two life-prolonging options in AdHF. Unfortunately, only a minority of AdHF patients are eligible for these life-saving therapies, and even patients who are candidates for HT usually incur prolonged waiting list times. Intermittent or continuous home-based inotropic therapy offers a potential solution to improve quality of life, reduce recurrent hospitalizations, and maintain organ function, both for the stabilization of patients who are ultimately candidates for life-saving therapies and for palliative care in those without other therapeutic options. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the role of home inotropes in managing AdHF, emphasizing the current evidence on the most adopted agents, the practical considerations for their administration, and the possible different preferred utilization of these agents. Finally, we address gaps in the literature and outline future research directions to enhance therapeutic options and outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T14:18:28Z","timestamp":1759501108000},"page":"7018","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Home Inotropes in Advanced Heart Failure: A Practical Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Paolo","family":"Manca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Cardiology and Heart Failure, Mediterranean Institute for Transplantation and Advanced Specialized Therapies, ISMETT IRCCS, 90121 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2443-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vittoria","family":"Matassini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiac Intensive Care Unit-Cardiology Division, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria delle Marche, 60124 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2407-7435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Fazzini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6751-6437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Bianco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, A.O.U San Luigi Gonzaga, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8925-6149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Concetta","family":"Di Nora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiothoracic Science, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vittoria","family":"Rizzello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"UOC Cardiologia, AO San Giovanni Addolorata, 00184 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2429-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuela","family":"Carigi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Unit, Infermi Hospital, 47923 Rimini, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"De Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiology Department, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Denitza","family":"Tinti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Cardiology, San Camillo Hospital, 00152 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8474-7923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renata","family":"De Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Primary Care, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, 20121 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7187-2234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furio","family":"Colivicchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Rehabilitation Cardiology Unit, San Filippo Neri Hospital, 00135 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9347-8884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Grimaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Department, Miulli Hospital, 70021 Acquaviva delle Fonti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Oliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, De Gasperis Cardio Center, ASST Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, 20162 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5509-8867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Gori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Failure Working Group, Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO), 50121 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2021.05.009","article-title":"Advanced Heart Failure Epidemiology and Outcomes: A Population-Based Study","volume":"9","author":"Dunlay","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2333","article-title":"2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and 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Heart Fail."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/19\/7018\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]],"date-time":"2025-10-03T14:25:48Z","timestamp":1759501548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/19\/7018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14197018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14197018","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,3]]}}}