{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:37:16Z","timestamp":1784140636692,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Atherogenic dyslipidemia is defined by the coexistence of high triglyceride concentrations, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and an excess of small, dense particles of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). This lipid profile is strongly associated with an increased burden of cardiovascular disease and represents a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. To better capture this risk, composite lipid ratios\u2014including total cholesterol to HDL-C (TC\/HDL-C), LDL-C to HDL-C (LDL-C\/HDL-C), triglycerides to HDL-C (TG\/HDL-C), and the atherogenic dyslipidemia index (AD)\u2014have emerged as robust markers of cardiometabolic health, frequently demonstrating superior predictive capacity compared with isolated lipid measures. Despite extensive evidence linking these ratios to cardiovascular disease, few large-scale studies have examined their association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and social isolation in working populations. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a large occupational cohort of Spanish workers evaluated between January 2021 and December 2024. Anthropometric, biochemical, and sociodemographic data were collected through standardized clinical protocols. Indices of atherogenic risk\u2014namely the ratios TC\/HDL-C, LDL-C\/HDL-C, TG\/HDL-C, and the atherogenic dyslipidemia index (AD)\u2014were derived from fasting lipid measurements. The assessment of lifestyle factors included tobacco use, physical activity evaluated through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern using the MEDAS questionnaire, and perceived social isolation measured by the Lubben Social Network Scale. Socioeconomic classification was established following the criteria proposed by the Spanish Society of Epidemiology. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors independently associated with moderate-to-high risk for each lipid indicator, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 117,298 workers (71,384 men and 45,914 women) were included. Men showed significantly higher odds of elevated TG\/HDL-C (OR 4.22, 95% CI 3.70\u20134.75) and AD (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.70\u20133.21) compared with women, whereas LDL-C\/HDL-C ratios were lower (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.83\u20130.89). Advancing age was positively associated with all lipid ratios, with the highest risk observed in participants aged 60\u201369 years. Lower social class, smoking, physical inactivity, poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and low social isolation scores were consistently linked to higher atherogenic risk. Physical inactivity showed the strongest associations across all indicators, with ORs ranging from 3.54 for TC\/HDL-C to 7.12 for AD. Conclusions: Atherogenic dyslipidemia and elevated lipid ratios are strongly associated with male sex, older age, lower socioeconomic status, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, and reduced social integration among Spanish workers. These findings highlight the importance of workplace-based cardiovascular risk screening and targeted prevention strategies, particularly in high-risk subgroups. Interventions to promote physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, and social connectedness may contribute to lowering atherogenic risk in occupational settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:33:41Z","timestamp":1759757621000},"page":"7039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Determinants of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia and Lipid Ratios: Associations with Sociodemographic Profile, Lifestyle, and Social Isolation in Spanish Workers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2135-9699","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pere","family":"Riutord-Sbert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ADEMA-Health Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-5784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Juan","family":"T\u00e1rraga L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla La Mancha (UCLM), 02008 Albacete, Spain"},{"name":"SESCAM (Health Service of Castilla La Mancha), 02008 Albacete, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7439-8117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1ngel Arturo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADEMA-Health Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Balearic Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (IDISBA), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Balearic Islands Health Service, 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5423-9290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Coll Campayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADEMA-Health Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-2137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Busquets-Cort\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADEMA-Health Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6887-4562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ignacio","family":"Ram\u00edrez Manent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADEMA-Health Group, University Institute for Research in Health Sciences (IUNICS), 07122 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Balearic Islands Health Research Institute Foundation (IDISBA), 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Balearic Islands Health Service, 07010 Palma, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of the Balearic Islands, 07010 Palma, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00739-8","article-title":"Atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetic nephropathy","volume":"33","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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