{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T07:23:03Z","timestamp":1791616983938,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Colchicine, a natural alkaloid, has emerged as a promising anti-inflammatory therapy with applications in cardiovascular diseases, dermatological conditions, and COVID-19 management. Its mechanisms, including the modulation of neutrophil activity, the inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the mitigation of cytokine storms, have expanded its therapeutic potential beyond traditional uses. This review synthesizes current evidence on colchicine\u2019s clinical applications and mechanisms of action. In cardiovascular medicine, colchicine has been shown to reduce risks of pericarditis, coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation. In dermatology, most evidence derives from small-scale studies, case series, and retrospective analyses, suggesting potential benefits in conditions such as leukocytoclastic vasculitis, cutaneous amyloidosis, and pemphigus, although these findings require confirmation through randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Emerging studies also indicate a potential role for colchicine in improving outcomes in severe COVID-19. Overall, colchicine demonstrates broad therapeutic utility, warranting further research to clarify its effectiveness across diverse clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T12:46:56Z","timestamp":1759841216000},"page":"7078","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Colchicine in Contemporary Pharmacotherapy: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Horizons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7731-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Wo\u0142owiec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Osiak-Gwiazdowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4270-1425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Ja\u015bniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Mucha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Wojtaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weronika","family":"Czerniecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wo\u0142owiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Division of Biochemistry and Biogerontology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6669-5931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Grze\u015bk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toru\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180123110042","article-title":"Colchicine Pharmacokinetics and Mechanism of Action","volume":"24","author":"Angelidis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-021-00835-w","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of colchicine in cardiovascular medicine: A pharmacological review","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650190007008","article-title":"Colchicine: New Uses of an Old, Old Drug","volume":"118","author":"Malkinson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2010.495348","article-title":"Colchicine poisoning: The dark side of an ancient drug","volume":"48","author":"Finkelstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13560","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00212a023","article-title":"Molecular mechanism of colchicine action: Induced local unfolding of beta-tubulin","volume":"32","author":"Sackett","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"341","article-title":"Colchicine--update on mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses","volume":"45","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Bondt, E.D.E., Betrains, A., and Vanderschueren, S. (2022). Colchicine, terug van nooit weggeweest. Reumatologie, 5, Available online: https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Colchicine%2C-terug-van-nooit-weggeweest-Bondt-Betrains\/4c9fff33cf0557b4840da750a570aa830751fb26."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15896","article-title":"Colchicine: An ancient drug with novel applications","volume":"178","author":"Dasgeb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056171","article-title":"Colchicine in Cardiovascular Disease: In-Depth Review","volume":"145","author":"Deftereos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, T., Liu, G., and Yu, B. (2022). Colchicine for Coronary Artery Disease: A Review. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9, Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fcvm.2022.892588.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.892588"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"35","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of colchicine: A review of experimental and clinical data","volume":"30","author":"Sabouraud","year":"1992","journal-title":"Z. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2006.03.006","article-title":"Colchicine today","volume":"73","author":"Niel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2120-7","article-title":"Adverse events during oral colchicine use: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"22","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv318","article-title":"2015 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pericardial diseases: The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Management of Pericardial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: The European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"36","author":"Adler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1517","article-title":"Colchicine for recurrent pericarditis","volume":"26","year":"1987","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.82.4.1117","article-title":"Recurrent pericarditis. Relief with colchicine","volume":"82","author":"Guindo","year":"1990","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx246","article-title":"Colchicine in Pericarditis","volume":"38","author":"Adler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1522","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1208536","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Colchicine for Acute Pericarditis","volume":"369","author":"Imazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.542738","article-title":"Colchicine in Addition to Conventional Therapy for Acute Pericarditis","volume":"112","author":"Imazio","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn608","article-title":"Colchicine for pericarditis: Hype or hope?","volume":"30","author":"Imazio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90828-1","article-title":"Usefulness of colchicine in preventing recurrences of pericarditis","volume":"73","author":"Adler","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060363","article-title":"Treatment of recurrent pericarditis with colchicine","volume":"15","author":"Millaire","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2021372","article-title":"Colchicine in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease","volume":"383","author":"Nidorf","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058233","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy of Colchicine in Patients with Chronic Coronary Disease: Insights from LoDoCo2","volume":"145","author":"Opstal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1890","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050771","article-title":"Colchicine in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome: The Australian COPS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"142","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1912388","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Low-Dose Colchicine after Myocardial Infarction","volume":"381","author":"Tardif","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.15041","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of colchicine in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"88","author":"Bajraktari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae208","article-title":"Low-dose colchicine for atherosclerosis: Long-term safety","volume":"45","author":"Nidorf","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.11026","article-title":"Colchicine for prevention of postpericardiotomy syndrome and postoperative atrial fibrillation: The COPPS-2 randomized clinical trial","volume":"312","author":"Imazio","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.07.031","article-title":"Colchicine for prevention of early atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: A randomized controlled study","volume":"60","author":"Deftereos","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011354","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.122.011354","article-title":"Recurrences of Atrial Fibrillation Despite Durable Pulmonary Vein Isolation: The PARTY-PVI Study","volume":"16","author":"Benali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, P., Fu, Y., Su, Q., Jin, M., Guo, L., Miao, C., Zhu, S., Zhuang, J., Zhang, Z., and Hong, J. (2022). Colchicine for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.1032116"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01689-6","article-title":"Effect of colchicine on perioperative atrial fibrillation and myocardial injury after non-cardiac surgery in patients undergoing major thoracic surgery (COP-AF): An international randomised trial","volume":"402","author":"Conen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.2217\/fca-2020-0206","article-title":"Colchicine for Cardiovascular Medicine: A Systematic Review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Casula","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-022-07326-y","article-title":"Colchicine Inhibits NETs and Alleviates Cardiac Remodeling after Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1017\/S1047951123000483","article-title":"Successful treatment of two cases of acute myocarditis with colchicine","volume":"33","author":"Incedere","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol. Young."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.112.3.676","article-title":"Inflammatory Response to Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms Involved and Possible Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"112","author":"Wan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050577","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050577","article-title":"Evaluation of low-dose colchicine in patients with cardiopulmonary bypass: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dastoli, S., Nistico, S.P., Morrone, P., Patruno, C., Leo, A., Citraro, R., Gallelli, L., Russo, E., De Sarro, G., and Bennardo, L. (2022). Colchicine in Managing Skin Conditions: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020294"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"831","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Intern","volume":"16","author":"Fraticelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(85)70158-2","article-title":"Colchicine is effective in controlling chronic cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis","volume":"13","author":"Callen","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1002\/anr.1780321125","article-title":"Colchicine and leukocytoclastic vasculitis","volume":"32","author":"Plotnick","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690240061009","article-title":"Colchicine in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis: Results of a Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"131","author":"Sais","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"462","article-title":"[Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease\u2014Clinical presentation, diagnostic and therapeutic approach]","volume":"141","author":"Elbirt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Harefuah"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02629-6","article-title":"Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome","volume":"403","author":"Emmi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)80031-6","article-title":"Leucocyte movement and colchicine treatment in Behcet\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Matsumura","year":"1975","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200111)44:11<2686::AID-ART448>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"A double-blind trial of colchicine in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Yurdakul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-009-0200-2","article-title":"Colchicine versus placebo in Beh\u00e7et\u2019s disease: Randomized, double-blind, controlled crossover trial","volume":"19","author":"Davatchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.01.004","article-title":"The Role of Colchicine in Different Clinical Phenotypes of Behcet Disease","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-213225","article-title":"2018 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of Beh\u00e7et\u2019s syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Hatemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-024-02490-7","article-title":"Colchicine-Phoenix from the ashes","volume":"137","author":"Lunzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abd.2021.09.010","article-title":"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita","volume":"97","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-1065","article-title":"Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: A retrospective clinical analysis of 30 cases","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.13395","article-title":"Oral colchicine monotherapy for epidermolysis bullosa acquisita: Mechanism of action and efficacy","volume":"43","author":"Adachi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.12.020","article-title":"A case of epidermolysis bullosa acquisita with clinical features of Brunsting-Perry pemphigoid showing an excellent response to colchicine","volume":"61","author":"Tanaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2021.100004","article-title":"Epidemiology of Pemphigus","volume":"1","author":"Kridin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(99)70533-5","article-title":"Effect of colchicine in the subcorneal pustular dermatosis type of IgA pemphigus","volume":"40","author":"Hodak","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_672_21","article-title":"Pemphigus Foliaceous with Prominent Neutrophilic Pustules: A Rare Variant Responsive to Colchicine","volume":"67","author":"Mathachan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2022.103036","article-title":"Mucous membrane pemphigoid","volume":"21","author":"Du","year":"2022","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1529-8019.2011.01438.x","article-title":"Colchicine in the management of mucous membrane pemphigoid","volume":"24","author":"Chaidemenos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dermatol Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15193","article-title":"Is There a Role for Colchicine in the Treatment of Oral Mucous Membrane Pemphigoid?","volume":"31","author":"Fribourg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kimak, A., and \u017bebrowska, A. (2024). Therapeutic Approach in Pigmented Purpuric Dermatoses-A Scoping Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052644"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2019.02.013","article-title":"Dermatosis purp\u00faricas pigmentadas. Revisi\u00f3n de la literatura cient\u00edfica","volume":"111","year":"2020","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr\u00e1f."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20174898","article-title":"Schamberg\u2019s disease: Case report with therapeutic success by using colchicine","volume":"92","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2017","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13843","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13843","article-title":"Granulomatous pigmented purpuric dermatosis favorably treated with the combination of colchicine and calcium dobesilate","volume":"33","author":"Bhandari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"645","article-title":"Sweet syndrome: An update on clinical aspects, pathophysiology, and treatment","volume":"159","author":"Calabrese","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ital. J. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1981.tb00785.x","article-title":"Treatment of acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet\u2019s syndrome) with colchicine","volume":"105","author":"Suehisa","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13232","article-title":"Sweet\u2019s syndrome: A retrospective study of 90 cases from a tertiary care center","volume":"55","author":"Amouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15171","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15171","article-title":"Bullous Sweet syndrome in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia treated with midostaurin: Rapid response to acitretin and colchicine-A case report","volume":"34","author":"Chiewchanvit","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.02.082","article-title":"Guidelines of care for the management of actinic keratosis","volume":"85","author":"Eisen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5918393","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5918393","article-title":"Topical Colchicine Gel versus Diclofenac Sodium Gel for the Treatment of Actinic Keratoses: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study","volume":"2016","author":"Faghihi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630152696314","article-title":"Efficacy and safety assessment of 0.5% and 1% colchicine cream in the treatment of actinic keratoses","volume":"12","author":"Akar","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-02852-5","article-title":"Chronic urticaria and vitamin D supplementations: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15119","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15119","article-title":"Efficacy of the colchicine add-on therapy in patients with autoimmune chronic urticaria","volume":"34","author":"Nabavizadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1080\/09546630701499309","article-title":"Urticaria unresponsive to antihistaminic treatment: An open study of therapeutic options based on histopathologic features","volume":"19","author":"Criado","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15500","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.15500","article-title":"Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A comprehensive review and recommendations on therapeutic options","volume":"35","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1365","article-title":"[Recurrent aphthous stomatitis: Treatment with colchicine. An open trial of 54 cases]","volume":"129","author":"Fontes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E189","DOI":"10.25011\/cim.v33i3.13725","article-title":"Comparison of colchicine versus prednisolone in recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Pakfetrat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2022.34.1.22","article-title":"Safety, Efficacy, and Drug Survival of Colchicine in Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis in a Real-World Setting","volume":"34","author":"Oh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsahaf, S., Alkurdi, K.A., Challacombe, S.J., and Tappuni, A.R. (2023). Topical betamethasone and systemic colchicine for treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis: A randomised clinical trial. BMC Oral Health, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03634-3"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"483","article-title":"Urticarial Vasculitis","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1985.01660060116035","article-title":"Urticarial vasculitis treated with colchicine","volume":"121","author":"Wiles","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1991.tb01227.x","article-title":"The normocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome-report of a case and response to colchicine","volume":"16","author":"Asherson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38956","article-title":"The clinical spectrum and therapeutic management of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis: Data from a French nationwide study of fifty-seven patients","volume":"67","author":"Jachiet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15712","article-title":"Case of hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome successfully treated with oral corticosteroid and colchicine","volume":"48","author":"Fujii","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llaf081","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments and outcomes in primary localized cutaneous amyloidosis","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-017-0278-9","article-title":"Primary Localized Cutaneous Amyloidosis: A Systematic Treatment Review","volume":"18","author":"Weidner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"268","article-title":"Role of colchicine in primary localised cutaneous amyloidosis","volume":"61","author":"Chakravarty","year":"1995","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"A4727","article-title":"Primary localised cutaneous amyloidosis\u2013a systematic review","volume":"60","author":"Kaltoft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2023.08.004","article-title":"Cutaneous Sarcoidosis","volume":"45","author":"Abdelghaffar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Chest Med."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"105","article-title":"Clinical resolution of facial cutaneous sarcoidosis with systemic colchicine and a topical corticosteroid ointment","volume":"34","author":"Wise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compr. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20164029","article-title":"Sarcoidosis and chronic hepatitis C: Treatment with prednisone and colchicine","volume":"91","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"(2023, December 26). COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019): A New Coronavirus Disease [Internet]. Available online: https:\/\/elicit.com\/?workflow=table-of-papers&run=db43e818-2fd7-4b74-ad93-beb3d0e4869a."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.5603\/CJ.a2021.0123","article-title":"Colchicine\u2014From rheumatology to the new kid on the block: Coronary syndromes and COVID-19","volume":"30","author":"Surma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiol. J."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-022-01540-y","article-title":"Colchicine for COVID-19: Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome to blunt hyperinflammation","volume":"71","author":"Bonaventura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04902-7","article-title":"COVID-19 in patients with gout on colchicine","volume":"41","author":"Pelechas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2021.02.005","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the Effect of Colchicine on Mortality and Mechanical Ventilation in COVID-19","volume":"145","author":"Salah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1080\/08820139.2020.1789655","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Covid-19 Associated Cytokine Release Syndrome with Colchicine. A Case Report and Review of Literature","volume":"50","author":"Mansouri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Invest."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001455","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001455","article-title":"Beneficial effects of colchicine for moderate to severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Lopes","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiu, L., Lo, C.H., Shen, M., Chiu, N., Aggarwal, R., Lee, J., Choi, Y.G., Lam, H., Prsic, E.H., and Chow, R. (2021). Colchicine use in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 16, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34962939\/.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.02.02.21250960"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manenti, L., Maggiore, U., Fiaccadori, E., Meschi, T., Antoni, A.D., Nouvenne, A., Ticinesi, A., Cerundolo, N., Prati, B., and Delsante, M. (2021). Reduced mortality in COVID-19 patients treated with colchicine: Results from a retrospective, observational study. PLoS ONE, 16, Available online: https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0248276.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0248276"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00435-5","article-title":"Colchicine in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 (RECOVERY): A randomised, controlled, open-label, platform trial","volume":"9","author":"Horby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2022.10.016","article-title":"Treatment with COLchicine in hospitalized patients affected by COVID-19: The COLVID-19 trial","volume":"107","author":"Perricone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitev, V. (2024). Colchicine\u2014The Divine Medicine against COVID-19. J. Pers. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202406.0822.v1"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahman, M., Datta, P.K., Islam, K., Haque, M., Mahmud, R., Mallik, U., Hasan, P., Haque, M., Faruq, I., and Sharif, M. (2022). Efficacy of colchicine in patients with moderate COVID-19: A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0277790"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead625","article-title":"Colchicine: The good, the bad, the ugly and how to minimize the risks","volume":"63","author":"Stamp","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-022-01265-1","article-title":"Colchicine Drug Interaction Errors and Misunderstandings: Recommendations for Improved Evidence-Based Management","volume":"46","author":"Hansten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16580","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000016580","article-title":"Clinical outcomes after colchicine overdose","volume":"98","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-022-03079-6","article-title":"Progress in the management of acute colchicine poisoning in adults","volume":"17","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae177","article-title":"2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of chronic coronary syndromes: Developed by the task force for the management of chronic coronary syndromes of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS)","volume":"45","author":"Vrints","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1916","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwab045","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of colchicine for the prevention of major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis on 12 869 patients","volume":"28","author":"Andreis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/19\/7078\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:50:07Z","timestamp":1760035807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/19\/7078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14197078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14197078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]}}}