{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T17:20:39Z","timestamp":1783704039801,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Many factors associated with constipation have not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the factors associated with constipation, defined as low stool frequency, in a community-dwelling adult population. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between 2010 and 2012 among adults who live in the Kielce District of Poland. The participants comprised 11,488 persons aged 37\u201366 years. Data on depressive symptoms, eating frequency, physical activity and smoking, as well as sociodemographic data, were collected using face-to-face interviews. Constipation was defined as &lt; 3 defecations per week. Dietary patterns (DPs) were identified using a factor analysis. Associations between DPs and the likelihood of constipation were assessed using a logistic regression analysis. Results: The factors associated with constipation were moderate and severe depressive symptoms, regular use of antidepressants, a sedentary lifestyle and past smoking (in women) (all p &lt; 0.05). The likelihood of constipation was significantly decreased by male sex and obesity, as well as by a diet belonging to the highest terciles of the \u2018Carbohydrates\u2019, \u2018Vegetables and Meat\u2019 and \u2018Healthy\u2019 DPs (all p &lt; 0.05). For the \u2018Unhealthy\u2019 DP, a high level of physical activity (Q4 vs. Q1 of MVPA) decreased the likelihood of constipation (OR = 0.75; 95%CI: 0.57\u20130.99). Conclusions: Preventing the onset or reoccurrence of depression by improving one\u2019s mental resistance, reducing the risk factors for depression and promoting a healthy lifestyle, primarily a diet high in vegetables and a limited sitting time, reduces the risk of constipation. Further longitudinal studies are needed to better understand which factors are associated with the occurrence of constipation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14197090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T12:04:52Z","timestamp":1759925092000},"page":"7090","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Depressive Symptoms, Dietary Patterns and Other Factors Associated with Constipation in Middle-Aged Adults from Kielce District in Poland: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5287-0962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martyna","family":"G\u0142uszek-Osuch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6090-9900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Cie\u015bla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Soba\u015b","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3063-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"Suliga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7752-0459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stanis\u0142aw","family":"G\u0142uszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Surgical Oncology, Holy Cross Cancer Centre in Kielce, 25-734 Kielce, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Hospital of the Ministry of Interior and Administration in Kielce, 25-375 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"659","article-title":"Changes, functional disorders, and diseases in the gastrointestinal tract of elderly","volume":"26","author":"Grassi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. 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