{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T23:23:58Z","timestamp":1772580238110,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Strabismus, or squint or deviating eyes, is defined as misalignment of the eyes when fixating on an object and is a common problem in ophthalmology. Palsy of the third, fourth or sixth cranial nerve is one of the leading underlying causes for paralytic strabismus, often requiring surgery. However, uncertainty regarding factors influencing surgical success remains. Background\/Objectives: The purpose of this study is to review the outcome and influencing factors of strabismus surgery in patients with cranial nerve palsy. Methods: A retrospective study of 57 patients with third cranial nerve (CN3) palsy, fourth cranial nerve (CN4) palsy, sixth cranial nerve (CN6) palsy or combined nerve palsy who underwent strabismus surgery between October 2009 and December 2023 was conducted. Analyzed data included demographic details, type of surgical intervention, etiology of nerve palsy, pre- and postoperative angle of deviation (AOD), vertical deviation (VD), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and refractive error. Results: Mean age was 41.29 \u00b1 23.14 years with a mean follow-up of 10.8 \u00b1 15.38 months. 30 patients (52.63%) had CN6 palsy, 12 patients (21.05%) had CN3 palsy, eight patients (14.04%) had CN4 palsy and seven patients (12.28%) had combined nerve palsy. Brain neoplasm was the most common cause of nerve palsy (33.33%). Mean preoperative AOD improved from 17.54\u00b0 \u00b1 10.68 to 7.13\u00b0 \u00b1 8.93 and from 17.21\u00b0 \u00b1 9.58 to 7.49\u00b0 \u00b1 9.75 for near and distance, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Changes in VD, refractive error, and BCVA were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Age, gender, preoperative AOD, subtype and etiology of nerve palsy had no significant influence on surgical outcomes, which are satisfactory in patients with cranial nerve palsy (80.7%).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T11:57:42Z","timestamp":1760529462000},"page":"7221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outcomes of Strabismus Surgery in Patients with Cranial Nerve Palsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laetitia","family":"Hinterhuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Rezar-Dreindl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7788-7311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ursula","family":"Schmidt-Erfurth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Stifter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Medical University of Vienna, W\u00e4hringer G\u00fcrtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.24953\/turkjped.2020.2372","article-title":"Etiology-Based Strabismus Classification Scheme for Pediatricians","volume":"64","author":"Mocan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Turk. 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