{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T03:22:36Z","timestamp":1794540156587,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DS640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010438","name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DS275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010438","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), including preeclampsia (PE), remains a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity. Immune imbalance involving T helper (Th17) and regulatory T (Treg) cells is increasingly recognized as contributing to the pathogenesis of PIH. This study aimed to assess the proportions of Th17 and Treg cells and intracellular cytokine expression (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22) in the peripheral blood of hypertensive versus normotensive pregnant women. Methods: A total of 108 pregnant women were included: 60 with hypertensive disorders and 48 normotensive controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analyzed using multiparametric flow cytometry to quantify CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg and CD4+IL-17A+ Th17 cells, along with intracellular IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22 co-expression. Correlations with clinical and obstetric parameters were evaluated. Results: Hypertensive patients showed significantly increased proportions of activated Th17 cells (CD4+IL-17A+) and Th17 subpopulations co-expressing IL-17F and IL-22, as well as IL-21 and IL-22 (p &lt; 0.0001). Although Treg cell percentages were lower in the hypertensive group, the difference was not statistically significant. A pronounced Th17\/Treg imbalance was observed. Positive correlations were found between Th17 subpopulations and gestational age, birth weight, and length, as well as maternal age. Conclusions: The immune profile in hypertensive pregnancies was characterized by a shift toward Th17-mediated proinflammatory responses, supporting the role of immune dysregulation in PIH. The increased frequency of Th17 cells co-expressing IL-21 and IL-22 may serve as a potential biomarker of disease severity and warrants further exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"7288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Dysregulation of Treg\/Th17 Balance and Intracellular Expression of IL-21 and IL-22 in the Pathogenesis of Gestational Hypertension"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0842-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Kwiatek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 16 Staszica St, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7522-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Kwa\u015bniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"G\u0119ca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 16 Staszica St, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5622-7330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansur","family":"Rahnama-Hezavah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 6 Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-1396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastian","family":"Mertowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chod\u017aki Street, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8080-2764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Urbanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiac Surgery and Transplant Medicine Department, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3416-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena Ewa","family":"Kowalkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Oncologycal Genecology, Oncology Centre in Bydgoszcz, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Thoracic Research Centre, Collegium Medicum UMK, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Krasi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, St Mary\u2019s Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London W2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kwa\u015bniewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Medical University of Lublin, 16 Staszica St, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2423-8238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Br\u0105zert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Treatment of Infertility, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-535 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krop, J., Heidt, S., Claas, F.H.J., and Eikmans, M. 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