{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T02:36:28Z","timestamp":1772678188462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Facial palsy causes both functional and aesthetic impairments, with asymmetry significantly affecting quality of life. Botulinum toxin injections are increasingly used to restore facial balance by reducing contralateral hyperactivity, but outcome assessments remain largely subjective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry coupled with root mean square (RMS) surface analysis to objectively quantify improvements in facial symmetry following botulinum toxin treatment and to support clinicians in patient care. Methods: Sixteen adults with long-standing unilateral peripheral facial palsy underwent individualized botulinum toxin injections. Three-dimensional images were acquired using the Vectra H2 system before and 2\u20133 weeks after injection at peak efficacy. Five facial expressions (neutral, surprise, frown, Mona Lisa smile, and forced smile) were analyzed. RMS values were calculated for the whole face and facial thirds. Clinical assessment included House\u2013Brackmann and Sunnybrook scores. Results: Whole-face RMS values decreased significantly after injection (1.51 \u00b1 0.42 vs. 1.35 \u00b1 0.43, p &lt; 0.001). Improvements were observed across all thirds, most notably in the middle third. During expression, symmetry improved for all movements, with the strongest effects for surprise (d = 1.270), Mona Lisa smile (d = 0.870), and frown (d = 0.832). Conclusions: Three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry with RMS analysis provides an objective and reproducible method to quantify changes in facial symmetry after botulinum toxin treatment. This technique may complement clinical scoring systems and support personalized treatment planning in facial palsy patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207298","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"7298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-Dimensional Photogrammetric Assessment of Facial Symmetry Improvement Following Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Patients with Facial Palsy: An Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Robin","family":"Pradel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Lerhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Kestemont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Helmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Savoldelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur (UR2CA), 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olina","family":"Rios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire de la Face et du Cou, 31 Avenue de Valombrose, 06100 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0044-1782678","article-title":"Psychological Aspects of Facial Palsy","volume":"40","author":"Shamil","year":"2024","journal-title":"Facial Plast. 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