{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T13:51:11Z","timestamp":1779889871731,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To date, delirium is considered one of the most frequent acute neuropsychiatric syndromes among hospitalized populations, although there is a lack of data regarding its frequency and predictors in nephrological patients. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of and the risk factors for delirium and to evaluate the association between delirium and short-term clinical outcomes, including the length of stay (LOS) and in-hospital mortality rate among patients from the nephrology unit of a tertiary university hospital in Eastern Europe. Method: A cohort of 942 patients admitted between January 2023 and December 2023 were enrolled in a prospective observational study. Delirium was diagnosed by a psychiatrist during hospitalization. The endpoint was defined as hospital death or hospital discharge. Results: In the studied group, the median age was 65 years, and 519 (55.09%) patients were males. The prevalence of delirium was 5.41% (51\/942 patients). The patients with delirium had a significantly longer LOS (11.96 days vs. 8.86 days, p = 0.007) and a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate (47.05% vs. 14.36%, p &lt; 0.001) compared to the patients without delirium. The independent predictors of delirium were as follows: age (OR = 1.029; 95%CI: 1.002\u20131.056; p = 0.034), history of stroke (OR = 3.493; 95%CI: 1.849\u20136.598; p &lt; 0.001), alcohol abuse (OR = 4.728; 95%CI: 1.968\u201311.359; p = 0.001), and AKI stages 2 and 3 (OR = 2.175; 95%CI: 1.152\u20134.105; p = 0.017). From a time-to-event analysis, delirium was associated with increased mortality (HR = 2.77; 95%CI: [1.79 to 4.29]; p &lt; 0.001). Moreover, delirium was independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality (OR = 1.666; 95%CI: 1.069\u20132.597; p =0.024). Conclusions: Among nephrological patients, age, alcohol abuse, history of stroke, and AKI stages 2 and 3 were independent risk factors for delirium. Delirium significantly increased the LOS and in-hospital mortality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T11:39:34Z","timestamp":1760701174000},"page":"7303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Short-Term Health Outcomes of Delirium in Patients Admitted to a Nephrology Ward in Eastern Europe: An Observational Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7026-7566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florica","family":"Gadalean","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3138-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ligia","family":"Petrica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Translational Research and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Cognitive Research in Neuropsychiatric Pathology (Neuropsy-Cog), Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oana","family":"Milas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flaviu","family":"Bob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florina","family":"Parv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Gluhovschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anca","family":"Suteanu-Simulescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2125-5419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lavinia","family":"Marcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihaela","family":"Glavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ienciu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Nephrology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"County Emergency Hospital Timisoara, 300723 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Center for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania, Eftimie Murgu Sq. No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raluca","family":"Kigyosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, \u201cSt. Luca\u201d Hospital Bucharest, Street \u0218oseaua Berceni, No.12, 041915 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2132-0911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Stanigut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical Disciplines Department, Medicine Faculty, \u201cOvidius\u201d University of Constanta, 1 Universitatii Street, 900470 Constanta, Romania"},{"name":"Nephrology Department, \u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency County Hospital, 145 Tomis Blvd., 900591 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (DSM-5); American Psychiatric Association Publishing. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4019","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S505038","article-title":"Delirium is a Potential Predictor of Unfavorable Long-term Functional Outcomes in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Prospective Observational Study","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. 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