{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:02:04Z","timestamp":1791655324677,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: This in vitro study quantitatively compared the time-dependent remineralization potential of three professional agents on artificially induced enamel lesions using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). Methods: Sixty extracted sound molars were randomly assigned to three groups (number = 20): G_CPP-ACP, treated with casein phosphopeptide\u2013amorphous calcium phosphate; G_Zn-HA, treated with zinc-hydroxyapatite; and G_F-ACP, treated with fluoridated amorphous calcium phosphate. The crown of each tooth was divided into three areas: one represented the control (CTRL, sound enamel), one underwent demineralization (DEMIN, demineralized enamel), and the third one was at first demineralized and then treated with a remineralizing agent, allowing intra-sample comparison. Artificial lesions were produced by immersion in 0.1 M lactic acid (72 h). Groups were subdivided according to remineralization time (7, 14, 21, and 28 days). Samples underwent daily treatment under a pH-cycling regimen. Surface morphology and Ca\/P ratios were evaluated by SEM-EDX, and data were statistically analyzed (p &lt; 0.05). Results: All agents promoted a progressive increase in Ca\/P ratio over time, confirming a time-dependent remineralization effect. At day 7, G_Zn-HA showed higher Ca\/P values, but from day 14 onward, G_F-ACP produced significantly greater mineral gain than the other groups (p &lt; 0.05). By day 21, G_F-ACP reached Ca\/P values approaching CTRL, while G_CPP-ACP and G_Zn-HA remained at lower levels, reaching a plateau respectively at 21 and 14 days. SEM observations supported these findings: G_CPP-ACP and G_Zn-HA showed partial surface recovery, whereas G_F-ACP exhibited a compact, homogeneous enamel-like structure at 28 days. Conclusions: All tested agents demonstrated time-dependent remineralization, enhanced with prolonged exposure, suggesting that the time of application represents a key factor for clinical success.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T12:27:29Z","timestamp":1760963249000},"page":"7389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Time-Effect Comparative Evaluation of Three Remineralizing Agents on Artificial Enamel Lesions: A SEM-EDX In Vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Orilisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3419-665X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Monterubbianesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5152-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Vitiello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Tosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Gatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9049-8524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Mengucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning (SIMAU), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2641-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Orsini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences and Stomatology (DISCO), Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"The Global, Regional, and National Burden of Oral Disorders in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990\u20132021, and Projections to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Regenesis Repair Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sdentj.2019.11.001","article-title":"Effect of Different Remineralizing Agents on the Initial Carious Lesions\u2014A Comparative Study","volume":"32","author":"Alhamed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Dent. 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