{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:51:01Z","timestamp":1787028661635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep disturbances are increasingly recognized as early and clinically meaningful features in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Polysomnography (PSG), i.e., the gold standard for objectively characterizing sleep architecture, may provide non-invasive and scalable biomarkers for both early detection and differential diagnosis of dementia. This systematic review and network meta-analysis aims to synthesize existing evidence on PSG-derived sleep alterations across the neurodegenerative continuum, including subjective cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Lewy body dementia, and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia, compared to healthy controls. It will adhere to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting systematic reviews that include network meta-analyses, and it has been registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under registration number CRD420251114418. We will include peer-reviewed studies with nocturnal PSG data from adult participants, categorized using validated diagnostic criteria, and scored according to the most recent American Academy of Sleep Medicine guidelines. Both pairwise and network meta-analyses will be conducted using standardized mean differences to quantify group-level effects. Additional analyses will explore the correlations between PSG parameters, severity of cognitive impairment, behavioral symptoms, treatments, and relevant comorbidities. Longitudinal data, where available, will be analyzed separately to evaluate prognostic value. This study will provide a comprehensive synthesis of PSG alterations across neurodegenerative disorders, offering insights into their diagnostic utility and potential as early markers for stratification in clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1761058399000},"page":"7437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Sleep Disturbances Across Dementias and Cognitive Decline: Study Protocol for a Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis of Polysomnographic Findings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1555-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annibale","family":"Antonioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Della Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-1004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Leitner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuela Maria","family":"Raho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Cesnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4313-5349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jay Guido","family":"Capone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Ferrara University Hospital, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1404-4314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Elena","family":"Flacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-8014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Casoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Proserpio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2867-5424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Ferini-Strambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Galbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology-Sleep Disorders Center, IRCSS San Raffaele Institute, 20127 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, \u201cVita-Salute\u201d San Raffaele University, 20127 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102357","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Disorders: Mechanisms of Degeneration and Therapeutic Approaches with Their Clinical Relevance","volume":"99","author":"Gadhave","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1683445","article-title":"An Overview of Primary Dementias as Clinicopathological Entities","volume":"39","author":"Salardini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erkkinen, M.G., Kim, M.-O., and Geschwind, M.D. (2018). Clinical Neurology and Epidemiology of the Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 10.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033118"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01249-0","article-title":"The Amyloid-\u03b2 Pathway in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"26","author":"Hampel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2025.2461758","article-title":"Frontotemporal Dementia. How to Deal with Its Diagnostic Complexity?","volume":"25","author":"Antonioni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Neurother."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000000309","article-title":"Lewy Body Dementias","volume":"22","author":"Gomperts","year":"2016","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-012-0362-3","article-title":"Current Application of Neurochemical Biomarkers in the Prediction and Differential Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Dementias","volume":"262","author":"Genius","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01382-x","article-title":"Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"27","author":"Hansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2018.05.009","article-title":"Determination of Imaging Biomarkers to Decipher Disease Trajectories and Differential Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DIsease TreND)","volume":"305","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308350","article-title":"Neuronal Network Disintegration: Common Pathways Linking Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"87","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-018-0116-6","article-title":"A Critical Appraisal of Amyloid-\u03b2-Targeting Therapies for Alzheimer Disease","volume":"15","author":"Panza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-00984-y","article-title":"Meaningful Benefits: A Framework to Assess Disease-Modifying Therapies in Preclinical and Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Sperling","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102595","article-title":"Disease-Modifying Therapies for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Clinical Trial Progress and Opportunity","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00702-0","article-title":"The Challenges of Anti-Tau Therapeutics in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"18","author":"Panza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2025.2463963","article-title":"Successes and Failures: The Latest Advances in the Clinical Development of Amyloid\u2013\u03b2\u2013Targeting Monoclonal Antibodies for Treating Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"25","author":"Panza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5474","article-title":"Predementia Constructs: Mild Cognitive Impairment or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder? A Narrative Review","volume":"36","author":"Contador","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5016","article-title":"Cognitive Tests for the Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), the Prodromal Stage of Dementia: Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies","volume":"34","author":"Breton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2023.104629","article-title":"Predictors of Progression from Subjective Cognitive Decline to Objective Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"149","author":"An","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs. Stud."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2021.27","article-title":"Association of Subjective Cognitive Decline with Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Longitudinal Studies","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Prev. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2015.10.009","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in the Differential Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Dementia","volume":"12","author":"Llorens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"13S","article-title":"The Role of Amyloid PET in Imaging Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review","volume":"63","author":"Chapleau","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med. Off. Publ. Soc. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-016-2764-x","article-title":"Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"38","author":"Agosta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4084","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02215-8","article-title":"The Use of Neuroimaging Techniques in the Early and Differential Diagnosis of Dementia","volume":"28","author":"Chouliaras","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2025.03.026","article-title":"The Role of High-Density EEG in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Neurological Diseases: A Systematic Review","volume":"174","author":"Formica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol. Off. J. Int. Fed. Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2025.121373","article-title":"Future of Alzheimer\u2019s Detection: Advancing Diagnostic Accuracy through the Integration of qEEG and Artificial Intelligence","volume":"317","author":"Rezaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0755-1","article-title":"Plasma P-Tau181 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Relationship to Other Biomarkers, Differential Diagnosis, Neuropathology and Longitudinal Progression to Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia","volume":"26","author":"Janelidze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5143","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13859","article-title":"Revised Criteria for Diagnosis and Staging of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroup","volume":"20","author":"Jack","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-12996-3","article-title":"Blood Phosphorylated Tau217 Distinguishes Amyloid-Positive from Amyloid-Negative Subjects in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Continuum. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"272","author":"Antonioni","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e70068","article-title":"Blood Phosphorylated Tau181 Reliably Differentiates Amyloid-Positive from Amyloid-Negative Subjects in the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Continuum: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Antonioni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement. Diagn. Assess. Dis. Monit."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.01.004","article-title":"Classification Accuracy of TMS for the Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"14","author":"Benussi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Stimulat."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25677","article-title":"Classification Accuracy of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Dementias","volume":"87","author":"Benussi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guglietta, A. (2015). An Overview of Sleep Physiology and Sleep Regulation. Drug Treatment of Sleep Disorders, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11514-6"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landolt, H.-P., and Dijk, D.-J. (2019). The Function(s) of Sleep. Sleep-Wake Neurobiology and Pharmacology, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-11272-1"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharon, O., Ben Simon, E., Shah, V.D., Desel, T., and Walker, M.P. (2024). The New Science of Sleep: From Cells to Large-Scale Societies. PLoS Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002684"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201795119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201795119","article-title":"The Functions of Sleep: A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective","volume":"119","author":"Simon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-023-04736-5","article-title":"Brain Washing and Neural Health: Role of Age, Sleep, and the Cerebrospinal Fluid Melatonin Rhythm","volume":"80","author":"Reiter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858417691030","article-title":"The Glymphatic Pathway: Waste Removal from the CNS via Cerebrospinal Fluid Transport","volume":"23","author":"Benveniste","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-017-0077-5","article-title":"Protein Misfolding in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Implications and Strategies","volume":"6","author":"Sweeney","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13713","article-title":"Synaptopathies: Synaptic Dysfunction in Neurological Disorders\u2014A Review from Students to Students","volume":"138","author":"Lepeta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2012-120532","article-title":"Impaired LTP- but Not LTD-Like Cortical Plasticity in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Patients","volume":"31","author":"Koch","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02305-w","article-title":"Altered Substrate Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Disease: New Insights from Metabolic Imaging","volume":"18","author":"Cleland","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsmc.2022.02.007","article-title":"Sleep in Normal Aging","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Clin."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11325-022-02610-5","article-title":"Effects of Different Sleep Disorders on Frailty in the Elderly: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"27","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep Breath."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mc Carthy, C.E. (2021). Sleep Disturbance, Sleep Disorders and Co-Morbidities in the Care of the Older Person. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9020031"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21501319231168721","DOI":"10.1177\/21501319231168721","article-title":"Comorbidities and Risk Factors Associated with Insomnia in the Elderly Population","volume":"14","author":"Mookerjee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Prim. Care Community Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-07232-7","article-title":"Role of Sleep in Neurodegeneration: The Consensus Report of the 5th Think Tank World Sleep Forum","volume":"45","author":"Liguori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2018.09.008","article-title":"The Risk of Neurodegeneration in REM Sleep Behavior Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"43","author":"Galbiati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004373","article-title":"Sleep Architecture and the Risk of Incident Dementia in the Community","volume":"89","author":"Pase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4035","article-title":"\u03b2-Amyloid Disrupts Human NREM Slow Waves and Related Hippocampus-Dependent Memory Consolidation","volume":"18","author":"Mander","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230933","article-title":"Sleep Biomarkers for Predicting Cognitive Decline and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"97","author":"Carpi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1159\/000434629","article-title":"Sleep and Cognitive Decline: A Strong Bidirectional Relationship. It Is Time for Specific Recommendations on Routine Assessment and the Management of Sleep Disorders in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia","volume":"74","author":"Guarnieri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2021.04.031","article-title":"Association between Sleep Quality and Subjective Cognitive Decline: Evidence from a Community Health Survey","volume":"83","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000397","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance in Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review of Recent Findings","volume":"31","author":"Naismith","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e213403","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000213403","article-title":"Five-Year Changes in 24-Hour Sleep-Wake Activity and Dementia Risk in Oldest Old Women","volume":"104","author":"Milton","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.06.010","article-title":"Sleep Disturbances Increase the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Shi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab272","article-title":"Sleep and Longitudinal Cognitive Performance in Preclinical and Early Symptomatic Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"144","author":"Lucey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12821","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12821","article-title":"A Longitudinal Study of Polysomnographic Variables in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Converting to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"28","author":"Carnicelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00486-9","article-title":"Prodromal Parkinson Disease Subtypes\u2014Key to Understanding Heterogeneity","volume":"17","author":"Berg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2997","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-9831-4","article-title":"RBD and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"54","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-171164","article-title":"REM Sleep Behavior Disorder and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Definitely No Relationship?","volume":"63","author":"Galbiati","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsac286","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac286","article-title":"Dementia Detection from Brain Activity during Sleep","volume":"46","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayer, G., Frohnhofen, H., Jokisch, M., Hermann, D.M., and Gronewold, J. (2024). Associations of Sleep Disorders with All-Cause MCI\/Dementia and Different Types of Dementia\u2014Clinical Evidence, Potential Pathomechanisms and Treatment Options: A Narrative Review. Front. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2024.1372326"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1870-x","article-title":"Sleep Disturbance and Cognitive Disorder: Epidemiological Analysis in a Cohort of 263 Patients","volume":"35","author":"Pistacchi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levendowski, D.J., Tsuang, D., Chahine, L.M., Walsh, C.M., Berka, C., Lee-Iannotti, J.K., Salat, D., Fischer, C., Mazeika, G., and Boeve, B.F. (2024). Concordance and Test-Retest Consistency of Sleep Biomarker-Based Neurodegenerative Disorder Profiling. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82528-y"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanert, A., Sch\u00f6nfeld, R., Weber, F.D., Nowak, A., D\u00f6hring, J., Philippen, S., Granert, O., Burgalossi, A., Born, J., and Berg, D. (2024). Reduced Overnight Memory Consolidation and Associated Alterations in Sleep Spindles and Slow Oscillations in Early Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 190.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106378"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.11.020","article-title":"Old Brains Come Uncoupled in Sleep: Slow Wave-Spindle Synchrony, Brain Atrophy, and Forgetting","volume":"97","author":"Helfrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chokroverty, S. (2017). An Overview of Polysomnographic Technique. Sleep Disorders Medicine: Basic Science, Technical Considerations and Clinical Aspects, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-6578-6"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Hou, Y., Li, C., Wei, Q., Ou, R., Liu, K., Lin, J., Yang, T., Xiao, Y., and Jiang, Q. (2023). Longitudinal Evolution of Sleep Disturbances in Early Multiple System Atrophy: A 2-year Prospective Cohort Study. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03176-z"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01223-5","article-title":"Longitudinal Studies of Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e627","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200707","article-title":"Evolution of Prodromal REM Sleep Behavior Disorder to Neurodegeneration","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"zsad304","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsad304","article-title":"Sleep Features and Long-Term Incident Neurodegeneration: A Polysomnographic Study","volume":"47","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2020.06.020","article-title":"Polysomnographic Predictors of Sleep, Motor and Cognitive Dysfunction Progression in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Longitudinal Study","volume":"77","author":"Bugalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-022-01171-0","article-title":"Predictors of RBD Progression and Conversion to Synucleinopathies","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1017\/S109285291600047X","article-title":"Approach to Atypical Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Case Studies of the Major Subtypes","volume":"22","author":"Dickerson","year":"2017","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12025","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in Atypical Parkinsonism","volume":"1","author":"Abbott","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonioni, A., Fonderico, M., and Granieri, E. (2020). Hirayama Disease: A Case of an Albanian Woman Clinically Stabilized Without Surgery. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00183"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antonioni, A., Govoni, V., Brancaleoni, L., Don\u00e0, A., Granieri, E., Bergamini, M., Gerdol, R., and Pugliatti, M. (2023). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Air Pollutants in the Province of Ferrara, Northern Italy: An Ecological Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20085591"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-023-00404-2","article-title":"Towards a Future Where Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Pathology Is Stopped before the Onset of Dementia","volume":"3","author":"Smets","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Aging"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00274-0","article-title":"Preparing for Disease-Modifying Therapies in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Belder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112620","article-title":"Non Pharmacoligical Approaches for Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"198","author":"Raza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-2385","article-title":"The PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta-Analyses of Health Care Interventions: Checklist and Explanations","volume":"162","author":"Hutton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g7647","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g7647","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015: Elaboration and explanation","volume":"350","author":"Shamseer","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2024.3770","article-title":"Alzheimer Disease as a Clinical-Biological Construct\u2014An International Working Group Recommendation","volume":"81","author":"Dubois","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009323","article-title":"Research Criteria for the Diagnosis of Prodromal Dementia with Lewy Bodies","volume":"94","author":"McKeith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21507","article-title":"Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Dementia Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"22","author":"Emre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000293545.39683.cc","article-title":"Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"10","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30368-0","article-title":"The Characterisation of Subjective Cognitive Decline","volume":"19","author":"Jessen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of Revised Diagnostic Criteria for the Behavioural Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31821103e6","article-title":"Classification of Primary Progressive Aphasia and Its Variants","volume":"76","author":"Hillis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv078","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)","volume":"65","author":"Hobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup. Med. Oxf. Engl."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"CD010783","article-title":"Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Dementias in People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)","volume":"2015","author":"Smailagic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170991","article-title":"The Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Assessment Scale\u2013Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog): Modifications and Responsiveness in Pre-Dementia Populations. A Narrative Review","volume":"63","author":"Kueper","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988719882102","article-title":"The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Development and Applications","volume":"33","author":"Cummings","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geriatr. Psychiatry Neurol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000453","article-title":"Impact of Sleep Disorders and Disturbed Sleep on Brain Health: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"55","author":"Gottesman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12319","article-title":"Sleep Disorders in the Elderly: A Growing Challenge","volume":"18","author":"Gulia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2023.01.006","article-title":"The Sleep and Wake Electroencephalogram over the Lifespan","volume":"124","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2017357","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.17357","article-title":"Association of Sleep Electroencephalography-Based Brain Age Index with Dementia","volume":"3","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hussain, I., Hossain, M.A., Jany, R., Bari, M.A., Uddin, M., Kamal, A.R.M., Ku, Y., and Kim, J.-S. (2022). Quantitative Evaluation of EEG-Biomarkers for Prediction of Sleep Stages. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22083079"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D.G., and PRISMA Group (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-802395-2.00022-5","article-title":"Chapter 22\u2014Genetics of Neurodegenerative Diseases: An Overview","volume":"Volume 145","author":"Kovacs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2025.102048","article-title":"Sleep Alterations in Major Depressive Disorder and Insomnia Disorder: A Network Meta-Analysis of Polysomnographic Studies","volume":"80","author":"Leitner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sleep Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-010-9491-z","article-title":"Critical Evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the Assessment of the Quality of Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-Analyses","volume":"25","author":"Stang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l4898","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l4898","article-title":"RoB 2: A Revised Tool for Assessing Risk of Bias in Randomised Trials","volume":"366","author":"Sterne","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1468","article-title":"Investigating and Dealing with Publication Bias and Other Reporting Biases in Meta-Analyses of Health Research: A Review","volume":"12","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39490.551019.BE","article-title":"GRADE Working Group What Is \u201cQuality of Evidence\u201d and Why Is It Important to Clinicians?","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39489.470347.AD","article-title":"GRADE: An Emerging Consensus on Rating Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations","volume":"336","author":"Guyatt","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hozo, S.P., Djulbegovic, B., and Hozo, I. (2005). Estimating the Mean and Variance from the Median, Range, and the Size of a Sample. BMC Med. Res. Methodol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-5-13"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., and Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. The Cochrane Collaboration, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.331.7521.897","article-title":"Simultaneous Comparison of Multiple Treatments: Combining Direct and Indirect Evidence","volume":"331","author":"Caldwell","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring Inconsistency in Meta-Analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02237-w","article-title":"Developments in Scalable Strategies for Detecting Early Markers of Cognitive Decline","volume":"12","author":"Whelan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.14003","article-title":"A Review on the New Age Methodologies for Early Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"134","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-230330","article-title":"Detecting Dementia by Saliva Analysis: A Fingerprinting Unobtrusive Method Based on a Fast and Cheap Sensor System","volume":"95","author":"Santonico","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-023-03578-3","article-title":"Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Early Detection of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A New-Age Perspective","volume":"61","author":"Chimthanawala","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e051496","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.051496","article-title":"The Estimation of the Global Prevalence of Dementia from 1990-2019 and Forecasted Prevalence through 2050: An Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019","volume":"17","author":"Nichols","year":"2021","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2023.08.008","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on Cognition and Brain Health","volume":"27","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.028","article-title":"Effects of COVID-19 on the Nervous System","volume":"183","author":"Iadecola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Giorgio, A., Mirijello, A., De Gennaro, C., Fontana, A., Alboini, P.E., Florio, L., Inchingolo, V., Zarrelli, M., Miscio, G., and Raggi, P. (2022). Factors Associated with Delirium in COVID-19 Patients and Their Outcome: A Single-Center Cohort Study. Diagnostics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics12020544"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00698-7","article-title":"The Inter-Relationship between Delirium and Dementia: The Importance of Delirium Prevention","volume":"18","author":"Fong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000518581","article-title":"The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Dementia Risk: Potential Pathways to Cognitive Decline","volume":"21","author":"Pyne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurodegener. Dis."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.01.002","article-title":"Sleep and Neurodegeneration: A Critical Appraisal","volume":"151","author":"Pillai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aah4968","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Circadian Clocks, Sleep, and Neurodegeneration","volume":"354","author":"Musiek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1277242024","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1277-24.2024","article-title":"Emerging Functions of Neuromodulation during Sleep","volume":"44","author":"Sulaman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2021.120121","article-title":"Physiologically Informed Neuromodulation","volume":"434","author":"Wendt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16030043","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Paired Associative Stimulation on Motor Recovery after Stroke: A Scoping Review","volume":"16","author":"Baroni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s11818-021-00306-8","article-title":"The Role of Actigraphy in Sleep Medicine","volume":"25","author":"Acker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Somnologie"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14143","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.14143","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the Performance of Actigraphy in Measuring Sleep Stages","volume":"33","author":"Yuan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sleep Res."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"1209","article-title":"Use of Actigraphy for the Evaluation of Sleep Disorders and Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and GRADE Assessment","volume":"14","author":"Smith","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Sleep Med. JCSM Off. Publ. Am. Acad. Sleep Med."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satorres, E., Escudero Torrella, J., Real, E., Pitarque, A., Delhom, I., and Melendez, J.C. (2023). Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Possible Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. A Randomised, Single-Blind, Controlled-Placebo Study. Front. Psychol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.1071737"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20552076241292677","DOI":"10.1177\/20552076241292677","article-title":"The Effectiveness of Home-Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Chronic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"10","author":"Antonioni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit. Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/20\/7437\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T15:18:17Z","timestamp":1761059897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/20\/7437"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"references-count":130,"journal-issue":{"issue":"20","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14207437"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14207437","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]}}}