{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:50:34Z","timestamp":1761094234994,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This longitudinal cohort study evaluated implant-associated bone remodeling and paranasal sinus (PNS) status after the insertion of patient-specific titanium orbital implants (PSIs) in adult trauma patients. Sixteen patients with various orbital fractures underwent CT-based reconstruction at the University Hospital Halle (Germany) and were followed up to 6.5 years (observation period February\/2019\u2013October\/2025). Post-operative CT scans assessed orbital bone remodeling, patency of the ostiomeatal unit, and PSI\/screw exposure. Findings: Bone apposition was observed in 16 cases; 13 showed a patent maxillary sinus outflow tract. The median Lund score for the injured sides was 1.0 vs. for the uninjured sides 0 (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.131). PSI or screw exposure occurred in isolated cases, and basal maxillary sinusitis was noted in four patients. Significant bone remodeling was detectable from 6 months post-operatively. No implant-associated complications required further intervention. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings highlight the safety and precision of PSIs, with low long-term complication rates and preserved sinus function in non-irradiated patients, supporting their use in complex orbital reconstructions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14207439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1761058399000},"page":"7439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-Traumatic Orbital Reconstruction Using Titanium Patient-Specific Implants: A Clinical and Radiological Cohort Study Focusing on Paranasal Sinuses Physiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6222-0170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waldemar","family":"Reich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Louis","family":"Widmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Kisser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jens","family":"Heichel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Ophthalmology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Otto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Head of Department, Ludwig Maximillians University Munich, Lindwurmstra\u00dfe 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0975-7467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Tavassol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital for Oral and Plastic Maxillofacial Surgery, Head of Department, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube Str. 40, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.11.024","article-title":"Time matters\u2014Differences between computer-assisted surgery and conventional planning in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Nilsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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