{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:07:08Z","timestamp":1785575228473,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this observational study was to collect hand measurements and anthropometric data in children aged 1\u201315 years of age to help the design of a pediatric skin electrode for electromyography-based neuromuscular monitoring. Methods: Data collection was performed at the Pediatric Department of the University of Debrecen Medical Centre between 1 December 2019 and 31 January 2021. After gaining written informed consent from the parents or legal representatives and verbal acceptance from age-appropriate (12\u201335 months) patients, a total of 153 children were enrolled. The following parameters were recorded: demographics (age, sex, weight, height, and hand dominance) and hand size parameters, defined as the distance between the following reference points: the ulnar groove and the midpoint of the hypothenar eminence (A); the midpoint of the hypothenar eminence and the first interphalangeal joint of the 5th finger (B); the ulnar groove and the midpoint of the thenar eminence (C); the midpoint of the thenar eminence and the interphalangeal joint of the thumb (D); the midpoint of the wrist crease and the tip of the third finger; wrist circumference (E); and forearm length. All measurements were made in centimeters (cm). Results: The children were divided into 4 groups (12\u201323 months, 2\u20135 years, 6\u201311 years and 12+ years). The number of children in the groups ranged between 6 and 16. The hand size parameters increased according to the children\u2019s age (A: 4.3 \u00b1 0.4, 5.0 \u00b1 0.7, 6.3 \u00b1 0.6, and 6.9 \u00b1 1.0 cm; B: 3.2 \u00b1 0.4, 4.1 \u00b1 0.7, 5.0 \u00b1 0.6, and 5.9 \u00b1 0.6 cm; C: 3.0 \u00b1 0.3, 3.6 \u00b1 0.7, 4.1 \u00b1 0.6, and 4.9 \u00b1 0.6 cm; D: 4.1 \u00b1 0.4, 4.8 \u00b1 0.8, 6.2 \u00b1 0.8, and 7.2 \u00b1 0.9 cm; E: 10.1 \u00b1 0.6, 12.0 \u00b1 1.1, 15.3 \u00b1 1.3, and 17.7 \u00b1 1.7 cm, respectively, in the four groups, [mean \u00b1 SD]). The height of the children showed a closer correlation with hand size parameters (Pearson\u2019s correlation coefficients: 0.702\u20130.961) than with age (0.665\u20130.904) or weight (0.675\u20130.863). The correlation was weaker when data were examined in prespecified age groups. Conclusions: The current pediatric hand size database provides previously unavailable information that was used in one manufacturer\u2019s design, which may help with the future design of pediatric electrodes of electromyography-based neuromuscular monitors; this information may facilitate adoption of quantitative neuromuscular monitoring in routine pediatric anesthesia practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"7462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Hand Size Measurements in Children Aged 1\u201315 Years to Help the Development of Pediatric Electromyography Sensors for Neuromuscular Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"R\u00e9ka","family":"Nemes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erzs\u00e9bet","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katalin A.","family":"Szatm\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienn","family":"Timk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Luter\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2607-2590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin J.","family":"Brull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2541-9740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e9la","family":"F\u00fclesdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrienn","family":"Pongr\u00e1cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Ed\u00f6m\u00e9r Tassonyi Neuromuscular Research Group, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.14279","article-title":"Good clinical research practice (GCRP) in pharmacodynamic studies of neuromuscular blocking agents III: The 2023 Geneva revision","volume":"67","author":"Brull","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. 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