{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:53:54Z","timestamp":1791550434790,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School\u2019s Polish Clinical Scholars Research Training Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a popular combat sport combining techniques from various martial arts. The most common injuries in MMA are head, wrist, and hand trauma. However, there is limited research on injuries specifically related to submission techniques prevalent in this discipline. The use of submission techniques, particularly rear-naked chokes and arm locks, may potentially lead to serious injuries. Methods: Submission techniques from 2488 fights from Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) were analyzed. Fights from all numbered events between 2000 and 2021 were analyzed, focusing on techniques that lead to fight termination, such as chokes and armbars. Official fight statistics, with additional video verification, were used. The results were statistically analyzed with comparisons between weight categories and sex. Results: Submissions end 18.7% of all MMA fights. The most common submission technique was rear-naked choke, accounting for 68.6% of all submissions. The arm and hand concentrated submission techniques, including the armbar, accounted for 27.1% of all submissions. Female fights were, on average, one and a half minutes longer than male bouts and had significantly fewer submission attempts. Conclusions: MMA fights frequently end by submission, and many submissions involve techniques that put considerable stress on the joints and cervical region. Fighters and referees need clear protocols to swiftly recognize when a submission is causing excessive risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217467","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"7467","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Risk of Joint and Neck Injuries in Mixed Martial Arts\u2014Grappling and Submission Techniques in Professional Fights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8778-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ma\u0144ka-Malara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8159-8811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Trzaskowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2325967113518492","article-title":"The epidemiology of injuries in mixed martial arts: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Lystad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Othop. 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