{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T23:47:47Z","timestamp":1788479267274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in young children, elderly people, and patients with underlying diseases. Solid data on its epidemiology and burden of disease are essential for the implementation of preventive strategies. This review provides for the first time a comprehensive overview on publicly available RSV surveillance resources in Germany. Methods: Public RSV surveillance systems in Germany were identified and, where possible, exemplary data was extracted to provide an overview of the scope of available data, their strengths and limitations. Results: German RSV surveillance systems provide data on both outpatient and inpatient incidence rates, age distribution, and seasonality. Germany\u2019s public health institution, the Robert Koch Institute (RKI), documents RSV cases nationwide based on mandatory reporting. Further, sentinel surveillance by RKI captures outpatient RSV infections as well as severe hospitalized cases. Nationwide, data on inpatients is collected and reported by hospital discharge diagnostic codes. Additional surveillance systems (e.g., clinical-virology.net) provide data on RSV positivity rates stratified by age and gender. Regional surveillance efforts by ten German states provide data on the infection dynamics. Pediatric documentation of age distribution and severity of respiratory diseases via surveillance was initiated by the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Reviewing all available sources and data underlines the high clinical burden, especially in infants and older adults during the winter season. Conclusions: Germany\u2019s RSV surveillance systems on the national and regional level support the tracking of incidence rates and seasonal patterns. Notably, pediatric data collection is more thorough, yielding a more comprehensive dataset than that available for adults. Contextualizing reported incidence rates in light of prospective or modeling studies suggests that the official documentation of RSV cases\u2014particularly among adults\u2014is underestimated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217487","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T05:20:44Z","timestamp":1761196844000},"page":"7487","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["RSV Monitoring in Germany: A Critical Overview of Available Surveillance Systems"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lea J.","family":"Bayer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Pharma GmbH, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Br\u00f6samle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMS Advanced Medical Services GmbH, 80639 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1306-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gordon","family":"Brestrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Pharma GmbH, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Najafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZEG Berlin GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7821-2359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christof","family":"von Eiff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Pharma GmbH, 10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"H\u00f6semann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berufsverband der Frauen\u00e4rzte e.V., 80335 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Stepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5537-5519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunther","family":"Gosch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Wojcinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berufsverband der Frauen\u00e4rzte e.V., 80335 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3256-6282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Abou-Dakn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Tempelhof, 12101 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7189-879X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egbert","family":"Herting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University Children\u2019s Hospital of L\u00fcbeck, 23538 L\u00fcbeck, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus A.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Congenital Lung Diseases, Department of Pediatric Pulmonology & Allergies, Olga Hospital, 70174 Stuttgart, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Prelog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rheumatology\/Special Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2640-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rolf","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, University Hospital of Cologne, 50935 Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.64762","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus: From pathogenesis to potential therapeutic strategies","volume":"17","author":"Shang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. 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