{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T07:54:31Z","timestamp":1761292471329,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who were not receiving treatment were included in this experimental prospective correlation study. We aimed to elucidate the complex relationship between smudge cells, surface CD20, and soluble CD20 in CLL patients. Methods: We created blood smears from blood samples collected from our patients using a manual technique consistently performed by the same technician. The May\u2013Grunwald Giemsa dye was used to stain all of the slides. The B-cell phenotypic was analyzed using the FacsCanto II flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson, CA, USA) at the time of diagnosis. Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunoassay (ELISA) was used to quantitatively assess the amounts of soluble CD20\/MS4A1. Results: The percentage of smudge cells and soluble CD20 antigen levels were shown to be significantly inversely correlated, suggesting a considerable link (correlation coefficient (r) = \u22120.51, p = 0.006). Similarly, a significant inverse relationship (r = \u22120.36, p = 0.04) was found by the Spearman correlation test between the smudge cell ratio and CD20 median fluorescence intensity (MFI) on cell surfaces. Soluble CD20\/MS4A1 and surface CD20 MFI were shown to have a weakly positive association that was almost statistically significant (Spearman\u2019s rho = 0.34, p = 0.064). With a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 86%, we discovered that a cut-off value of 2.2 ng\/dL for soluble CD20 predicted higher smudge cells (area under the curve (95% confidence interval (CI)): 0.75 (0.57 to 0.93), p = 0.021). Conclusions: We found a significant inverse association between smudge cells and both surface CD20 and soluble CD20\/MS4A1 in our study examining the correlation between smudge cells, soluble CD20, and CD20\/MS4A1 in CLL patients. Our findings indicate that soluble CD20 may contribute to understanding the pathophysiology of smudge cells and could be further investigated as a potential prognostic marker in CLL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T07:41:35Z","timestamp":1761291695000},"page":"7529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Surface CD20 Expression and Soluble CD20 Levels on In Vivo Cell Fragility in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4288-6370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ozlem","family":"Candan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imren","family":"Tatli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdullah","family":"Bakisli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Baris","family":"Kula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edanur","family":"Korkut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Emin","family":"Yildirim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6760-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammet Ali","family":"Gurbuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asu Fergun","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isik","family":"Atagunduz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayse Tulin","family":"Tuglular","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2690-8581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayfur","family":"Toptas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology, Marmara Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Cancer statistics, 2022","volume":"72","author":"Siegel","year":"2022","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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