{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T22:18:01Z","timestamp":1792534681672,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of antipsychotic medications plays an important role in optimizing treatment efficacy, reducing adverse effects, and supporting adherence. While Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2013Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS) has long been the gold standard for antipsychotic quantification, recent advances in automated platforms and microsampling raise questions about its current clinical practicality. This systematic review evaluated the clinical applicability and analytical performance of UHPLC-based methods for monitoring antipsychotic drugs, focusing on precision, recovery, matrix effects, and suitability across various biological matrices. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published between 2013 and 2024 involving UHPLC-based quantification of antipsychotics in clinical samples from adult patients. Data on analytical parameters, sample matrices, and study characteristics were extracted. A custom quality checklist was used to assess methodological rigor. In addition to qualitative synthesis, non-traditional quantitative approaches were applied, including descriptive aggregation of recovery, matrix effects, and precision across studies, as well as correlation analyses to explore relationships among performance parameters. Results: Twelve studies were included, spanning a range of typical and atypical antipsychotics and metabolites. Plasma and serum demonstrated the highest analytical reliability (recovery &gt;90%, minimal matrix effects), while dried blood spots (DBSs), whole blood, and oral fluid showed greater variability. Clinically, UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS enabled more accurate dose adjustments and identification of non-adherence, outperforming immunoassays in sensitivity, specificity, and metabolite detection. Microsampling methods showed promise for outpatient and decentralized care but require further clinical validation. Conclusions: UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS remains the most robust and reliable method for TDM of antipsychotics, especially when quantification of active metabolites is required. While logistical barriers remain, technological advances may enhance feasibility and support broader integration into routine psychiatric care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1761716926000},"page":"7544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["UHPLC-MS\/MS for Antipsychotic Drug Monitoring: A Systematic Review of Clinical and Analytical Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0029-7591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciprian-Ionu\u021b","family":"B\u0103cil\u0103","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7184-3574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca-Maria","family":"Macavei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4221-8157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica","family":"Cornea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogdan Ioan","family":"Vintil\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"County Clinical Emergency Hospital of Sibiu, 550245 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrei","family":"Lomn\u0103\u0219an","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Elena","family":"Anghel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea Maria","family":"Grama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cDr. Gheorghe Preda\u201d Clinical Psychiatry Hospital of Sibiu, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"},{"name":"Neuroscience Scientific Research Collective, 550082 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina Elena","family":"Dobre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Socola Institute of Psychiatry, 700282 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia Marina","family":"Ichim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1165-1389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Cioca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550169 Sibiu, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/003335490912400202","article-title":"Mental health matters","volume":"124","author":"Galson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toja-Camba, F.J., Hermelo-Vidal, G., Feitosa-Medeiros, C., Vidal-Millares, M., Dur\u00e1n-Maseda, M.J., Fern\u00e1ndez-Ferreiro, A., and Mondelo-Garc\u00eda, C. (2024). Head-to-Head Comparison of UHPLC-MS\/MS and Alinity C for Plasma Analysis of Risperidone and Paliperidone. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17111446"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.12.071","article-title":"Fast Quantification of Ten Psychotropic Drugs and Metabolites in Human Plasma by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"1292","author":"Ansermot","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vintil\u0103, B.I., Anghel, C.E., Sava, M., Bereanu, A.S., Codru, I.R., Stoica, R., Vulcu Mihai, A.M., Grama, A.M., C\u0103tan\u0103, A.C., and Boicean, A.G. (2024). Evaluating Anesthesia Practices, Patient Characteristics, and Outcomes in Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Two-Year Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13206253"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biso, L., Aringhieri, S., Carli, M., Scarselli, M., and Longoni, B. (2024). Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Psychiatry: Enhancing Treatment Precision and Patient Outcomes. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17050642"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moretti, M., Freni, F., Valentini, B., Vignali, C., Groppi, A., Vison\u00e0, S.D., Osculati, A.M.M., and Morini, L. (2019). Determination of Antidepressants and Antipsychotics in Dried Blood Spots (DBSs) Collected from Post-Mortem Samples and Evaluation of the Stability over a Three-Month Period. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24203636"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000411","article-title":"Dried Blood Spots Combined with Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of the Antipsychotics Risperidone, Aripiprazole, Pipamperone, and Their Major Metabolites","volume":"39","author":"Tron","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u01cecil\u01ce, C.-I., Marcu, G.M., Vintil\u0103, B.I., Anghel, C.E., Lomnasan, A., Cornea, M., and Grama, A.M. (2025). Applications of Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (FNIRS) in Monitoring Treatment Response in Psychiatry: A Scoping Review. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155197"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.200600505","article-title":"The Role of UHPLC in Pharmaceutical Development","volume":"30","author":"Chesnut","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2012.10.005","article-title":"Comparison of Ultra-High Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Analysis of Pharmaceutical Compounds","volume":"1266","author":"Veuthey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toja-Camba, F.J., Band\u00edn-Vilar, E., Hermelo-Vidal, G., Feitosa-Medeiros, C., Ca\u00f1izo-Outeiri\u00f1o, A., Castro-Balado, A., Varela-Rey, I., Zarra-Ferro, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Ferreiro, A., and Mondelo-Garc\u00eda, C. (2024). Towards Precision Medicine in Clinical Practice: Alinity C vs. UHPLC-MS\/MS in Plasma Aripiprazole Determination. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010104"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1211","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11164","article-title":"Dried Blood Spot Analysis for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Clozapine","volume":"78","author":"Geers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43094-019-0007-8","article-title":"Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-MS\/MS (UHPLC-MS\/MS) in Practice: Analysis of Drugs and Pharmaceutical Formulations","volume":"5","author":"Rathod","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u010cabovska, B., Cox, S.L., and Vinks, A.A. (2007). Determination of Risperidone and Enantiomers of 9-Hydroxyrisperidone in Plasma by LC-MS\/MS. J. Chromatogr. B Anal. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci., 852.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2007.02.007"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S290963","article-title":"Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Determination of Antipsychotic Drugs in Human Plasma and Its Application in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"15","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dziurkowska, E., and Wesolowski, M. (2019). Simultaneous Quantification of Antipsychotic and Antiepileptic Drugs and Their Metabolites in Human Saliva Using UHPLC-DAD. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162953"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2025, July 07). The Difference Between Narrative Review and Systematic Review\u2014DistillerSR. Available online: https:\/\/www.distillersr.com\/resources\/systematic-literature-reviews\/the-difference-between-narrative-review-and-systematic-review?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2147\/PPA.S124658","article-title":"Why Do Psychiatric Patients Stop Antipsychotic Medication? A Systematic Review of Reasons for Nonadherence to Medication in Patients with Serious Mental Illness","volume":"11","author":"Velligan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Patient Prefer. Adherence"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2025, July 07). What Are the Different Types of Literature Review?. Available online: https:\/\/www.litmaps.com\/learn\/what-are-the-different-types-of-literature-review?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.56530\/lcgc.na.im3069q9","article-title":"Improved Performance of UHPLC\u2013MS Hyphenated Systems","volume":"40","author":"Gritti","year":"2022","journal-title":"LC-GC N. Am."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1080\/00032719.2014.888727","article-title":"Recent advances in ultra-high performance liquid chromatography for the analysis of traditional chinese medicine","volume":"47","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Liquid Chromatography in Clinical Diagnostics: Current Trends and Innovations","volume":"15","author":"Shah","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sep. Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2014.12.008","article-title":"Advances in Detection of Antipsychotics in Biological Matrices","volume":"441","author":"Patteet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lomnasan, A., Vintil\u0103, B.I., Bucu\u021ba, M., \u0218tef, L., Anghel, C.E., Grama, A.M., Cornea, M., Boicean, A., Ichim, C., and Paziuc, L.C. (2025). The Use of Phototherapy for the Treatment of Non-Seasonal Depression: A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051756"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pergantis, P., Bamicha, V., Doulou, A., Christou, A.I., Bardis, N., Skianis, C., and Drigas, A. (2025). Assistive and Emerging Technologies to Detect and Reduce Neurophysiological Stress and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Autism and Sensory Processing Disorders: A Systematic Review. Technologies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/technologies13040144"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2025, July 07). Comparing HPLC vs. UHPLC\u2014Creative Proteomics. Available online: https:\/\/www.creative-proteomics.com\/resource\/comparing-hplc-vs-uhplc.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charlier, B., Coglianese, A., Operto, F.F., Coppola, G., de Grazia, U., Menna, P., Filippelli, A., Dal Piaz, F., and Izzo, V. (2022). Development and Validation of a UHPLC\u2013MS\/MS-Based Method to Quantify Cenobamate in Human Plasma Samples. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217325"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 Statement: An Updated Guideline for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2025, July 11). PROSPERO. Available online: https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/prospero\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4","article-title":"Rayyan-a Web and Mobile App for Systematic Reviews","volume":"5","author":"Ouzzani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration, and Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (2018). Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry Biopharmaceutics Bioanalytical Method Validation Guidance for Industry Biopharmaceutics Contains Nonbinding Recommendations, U.S. Food and Drug Administration."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"EMA European Medicines Agency (1922). 2** Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) Guideline on Bioanalytical Method Validation, EMA European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2025, July 11). Ich Harmonised Tripartite Guideline Validation of Analytical Procedures: Text and Methodology Q2(R1). Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/scientific-guideline\/ich-guideline-q2r1-validation-analytical-procedures-text-methodology-step-5-first-version_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 Explanation and Elaboration: Updated Guidance and Exemplars for Reporting Systematic Reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2022.04.002","article-title":"Dried Blood Spot (DBS) as a Useful Tool to Improve Clozapine, Aripiprazole and Paliperidone Treatment: From Adherence to Efficiency","volume":"15","author":"Bernardo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mill\u00e1n-Santiago, J., Vitagliano, R., Mondella, F., Mandrioli, R., Sardella, R., Vovk, T., Lucena, R., C\u00e1rdenas, S., Boaron, F., and Serretti, A. (2023). Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling for the Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients Treated with Cariprazine. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 236.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2023.115740"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02464-4","article-title":"Restricted Access Carbon Nanotube for Microextraction by Packed Sorbent to Determine Antipsychotics in Plasma Samples by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"412","author":"Cruz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.T., and Li, Y. (2017). Development of a UPLC-MS\/MS Method for Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Aripiprazole, Amisulpride, Olanzapine, Paliperidone and Ziprasidone with a Discussion of Their Therapeutic Reference Ranges for Chinese Patients. Biomed. Chromatogr., 31.","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3928"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.11.024","article-title":"High Throughput Identification and Quantification of 16 Antipsychotics and 8 Major Metabolites in Serum Using Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"429","author":"Patteet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.09.021","article-title":"Retrospective Evaluation of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Clozapine and Norclozapine in Belgium Using a Multidrug UHPLC-MS\/MS Method","volume":"47","author":"Patteet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1698","article-title":"The Use of Dried Blood Spots for Quantification of 15 Antipsychotics and 7 Metabolites with Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography\u2014Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"7","author":"Patteet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-015-1965-1","article-title":"Genotype and Co-Medication Dependent CYP2D6 Metabolic Activity: Effects on Serum Concentrations of Aripiprazole, Haloperidol, Risperidone, Paliperidone and Zuclopenthixol","volume":"72","author":"Patteet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000242","article-title":"Determination of Common Antipsychotics in Quantisal-Collected Oral Fluid by UHPLC-MS\/MS: Method Validation and Applicability for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Patteet","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bky006","article-title":"Quantification of 15 Psychotropic Drugs in Serum and Postmortem Blood Samples after a Modified Mini-QuEChERS by UHPLC\u2013MS-MS","volume":"42","author":"Pouliopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toja-Camba, F.J., Gesto-Antelo, N., Maro\u00f1as, O., Echarri Arrieta, E., Zarra-Ferro, I., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcia, M., Band\u00edn-Vilar, E., Mangas Sanjuan, V., Facal, F., and Arrojo Romero, M. (2021). Review of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenetics in Atypical Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070935"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000839","article-title":"Rapid Simultaneous Determination of 14 Antidepressants and 13 Antipsychotics in Human Plasma by Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Dynamic Multiple Reaction Monitoring and Its Application to Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"43","author":"Lyu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherie, N., Berta, D.M., Tamir, M., Yiheyis, Z., Angelo, A.A., Tarekegn, A.M., Chane, E., Nigus, M., and Teketelew, B.B. (2024). Improving Laboratory Turnaround Times in Clinical Settings: A Systematic Review of the Impact of Lean Methodology Application. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0312033"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s13318-023-00846-4","article-title":"Dried Blood Spots\u2014A Platform for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) and Drug\/Disease Response Monitoring (DRM)","volume":"48","author":"Zailani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cornea, M., Vintil\u0103, B.I., Bucu\u021ba, M., \u0218tef, L., Anghel, C.E., Grama, A.M., Lomnasan, A., Stetiu, A.A., Boicean, A., and Sava, M. (2025). Efficacy of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Photobiomodulation in Improving Cognitive Abilities for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14051766"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, M., Andrayas, A., Al Baghal, T., Burton, J., Crossley, T.F., Jones, K.S., Parkington, D.A., Koulman, A., and Benzeval, M. (2023). A Randomised Study of Nurse Collected Venous Blood and Self-Collected Dried Blood Spots for the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Understanding Society Innovation Panel. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39674-6"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1097\/FTD.0000000000000994","article-title":"Best Practices to Implement Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Clinical Practice","volume":"44","author":"Francke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Drug Monit."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2024.124337","article-title":"Quantitative Determination by UHPLC-MS\/MS of 18 Common Drugs of Abuse and Metabolites, Including THC and OH-THC, in Volumetric Dried Blood Spots: A Sustainable Method with Minimally Invasive Sampling","volume":"1247","author":"Ververi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-116492","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neuropsychopharmacology: Update 2017","volume":"51","author":"Hiemke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku103","article-title":"Cross-Reactivity of Acetylfentanyl and Risperidone with a Fentanyl Immunoassay","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2009.24.1.1","article-title":"Overview of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring","volume":"24","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tuzimski, T., and Petruczynik, A. (2020). Review of Chromatographic Methods Coupled with Modern Detection Techniques Applied in the Therapeutic Drugs Monitoring (TDM). Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25174026"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00713-9","article-title":"Adherence to Oral Antipsychotics Measured by Electronic Adherence Monitoring in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Yaegashi","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.876","article-title":"Investigation of Matrix Effects in Bioanalytical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography\/Tandem Mass Spectrometric Assays: Application to Drug Discovery","volume":"17","author":"Mei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1532","article-title":"Comparison of Drug Concentrations between Whole Blood and Oral Fluid","volume":"6","author":"Langel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Test. Anal."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkz048","article-title":"Oral Fluid Drug Testing: Analytical Approaches, Issues and Interpretation of Results","volume":"43","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de S\u00e1 e Silva, D.M., Thaitumu, M., Theodoridis, G., Witting, M., and Gika, H. (2023). Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling in the Analysis of Endogenous Metabolites. Metabolites, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo13101038"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02103-15","article-title":"Multiplex Molecular Panels for Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal Infection: Performance, Result Interpretation, and Cost-Effectiveness","volume":"53","author":"Binnicker","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3214","article-title":"Challenges in Implementing Clinical Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methods\u2014Seeing the Light at the End of the Tunnel","volume":"48","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amponsah, S.K., and Pathak, Y.V. (2023). Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology: Challenges and Future Directions. Recent Advances in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Clinical Toxicology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-12398-6"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169383","article-title":"Effects of Storage Temperature and Time on Metabolite Profiles Measured in Dried Blood Spots, Dried Blood Microsamplers, and Plasma","volume":"912","author":"Petrick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2025, October 09). Shop UHPLC Systems For Sale, New and Used Prices|LabX.Com. Available online: https:\/\/www.labx.com\/categories\/uhplc-systems?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"(2025, October 09). Rates|Harvard Center for Mass Spectrometry. Available online: https:\/\/massspec.fas.harvard.edu\/pages\/rates?utm_source=chatgpt.com."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/21\/7544\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T06:18:33Z","timestamp":1761718713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/21\/7544"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14217544"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14217544","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]}}}