{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T03:20:26Z","timestamp":1790047226386,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is a common anatomical variant, but its identification on plain radiographs is often inconsistent. This inconsistency can lead to clinical complications such as chronic low back pain, misinterpretation of spinal parameters, and an increased risk of wrong-level surgery. This study aimed to develop and validate a deep learning-based artificial intelligence (AI) model for the automated detection of LSTV on plain lumbar radiographs. Methods: This retrospective observational study included a total of 3116 standing lumbar lateral radiographs. The presence or absence of lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) was definitively established using whole-spine imaging, CT, or MRI. Multiple deep learning architectures, including DINOv2, CLIP (ViT-B\/32), and ResNet-50, were initially evaluated for binary classification of LSTV. Among these, the ResNet-50 model with partial fine-tuning achieved the best test performance and was subsequently selected for fivefold cross-validation using the training set. Model performance was assessed using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC), and interpretability was evaluated using gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Results: On the independent test set of 313 radiographs, the final model demonstrated robust diagnostic performance. It achieved an accuracy of 76.4%, a sensitivity of 85.1%, a specificity of 61.9%, and an AUC of 0.84. The model correctly identified 166 out of 195 LSTV cases and 73 out of 118 normal cases. Conclusions: This AI-based system offers a highly accurate and reliable method for the automated detection of LSTV on plain radiographs. It shows strong potential as a clinical decision-support tool to reduce diagnostic errors, improve pre-operative planning, and enhance patient safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"7671","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Automated Detection of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae on Plain Lumbar Radiographs Using a Deep Learning Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3764-9117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghyuk","family":"Kwak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6199-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Du Hyun","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"CONNECTEVE Co., Ltd., Seoul 06224, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Innovative Medical Technology Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03122, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9114-0150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Ho","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-198407000-00014","article-title":"Lumbosacral transitional vertebrae and their relationship with lumbar extradural defects","volume":"9","author":"Castellvi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Spine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01301431","article-title":"Distribution and incidence of degenerative spine changes in patients with a lumbo-sacral transitional vertebra","volume":"6","author":"Vergauwen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. 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