{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T03:03:50Z","timestamp":1791515030900,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hallux sesamoid pain arises from various pathological conditions, such as fracture nonunion, painful plantar keratosis, sesamoiditis, and avascular necrosis. Traditionally, sesamoidectomy is the primary surgical approach for these conditions, but its outcomes are inconsistent. In recent years, extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have gained popularity as effective conservative treatments in orthopedic practice. This review explored treatment approaches that avoid sesamoidectomy. First, we examined studies on ESWT and PRP for hallux sesamoid pathologies. We also reviewed research on ESWT and PRP for other foot conditions with similar characteristics to evaluate whether these treatments could be applicable to different types of sesamoid pathologies. Finally, we discussed surgical alternatives to sesamoidectomy and introduced several novel techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217687","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T03:44:39Z","timestamp":1761795879000},"page":"7687","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Avoiding Hallux Sesamoidectomy: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8649-2346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenichiro","family":"Nakajima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yashio Central General Hospital, Saitama 340-0814, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpm.2011.03.006","article-title":"Sesamoid disorders of the first metatarsophalangeal joint","volume":"28","author":"Boike","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198107000-00015","article-title":"Fracture of the medial sesamoid bone of the hallux","volume":"21","author":"Zinman","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658201000212","article-title":"Stress fractures of the great toe sesamoids","volume":"10","author":"Keene","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-72-12-617","article-title":"The incidence of hallux abductus following tibial sesamoidectomy","volume":"72","author":"Nayfa","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"286","article-title":"Tibial sesamoidectomy: A review of the literature and retrospective study","volume":"22","author":"Kaiman","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Foot Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00454250","article-title":"Stress fractures of the sesamoid bones of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in athletes","volume":"104","author":"Hulkko","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch. Orth. Traum. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00350208","article-title":"Idiopathic osteonecrosis of the first metatarsal sesamoid","volume":"15","author":"Ogata","year":"1986","journal-title":"Skeletal. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1177\/107110078700700405","article-title":"Injuries to the hallucal sesamoids in the athlete","volume":"7","author":"Richardson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/036354658801600412","article-title":"Delayed unions and nonunions of stress fractures in athletes","volume":"16","author":"Orava","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199108000-00033","article-title":"Sesamoid disorders and treatment. An update","volume":"269","author":"Leventen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-81-4-167","article-title":"Sesamoidectomy for the treatment of chronic neuropathic ulcerations","volume":"81","author":"Giurini","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-8063(99)70043-5","article-title":"Arthroscopic medial bipartite sesamoidectomy of the great toe","volume":"15","author":"Carro","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"609","article-title":"Sesamoid problems","volume":"5","author":"Grace","year":"2000","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400207","article-title":"Stress fractures of the medial great toe sesamoids in athletes","volume":"24","author":"Biedert","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070302400507","article-title":"Return to activity after sesamoidectomy in athletically active individuals","volume":"24","author":"Saxena","year":"2003","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1097\/00132587-200312000-00008","article-title":"Plantar approach for isolated fibular hallux sesamoidectomy","volume":"2","author":"Milia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tech. Foot. Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070502601003","article-title":"Evaluation of hallux alignment and functional outcome after isolated tibial sesamoidectomy","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.7547\/0950277","article-title":"Hallucal sesamoid osteonecrosis: An overlooked cause of forefoot pain","volume":"95","author":"Akpinar","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-005-0030-5","article-title":"Arthroscopic fibular sesamoidectomy in the management of the sesamoid osteomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2006.09.002","article-title":"Tibial sesamoidectomy of the great toe in heavy manual workers","volume":"17","author":"Morsi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2008.0231","article-title":"Surgical treatment of AVN of the fibular (lateral) sesamoid","volume":"29","author":"Waizy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2012.0704","article-title":"Sesamoidectomy for hallux sesamoid fractures","volume":"33","author":"Bichara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1097\/BTF.0000000000000066","article-title":"Dorsolateral excision of the fibular sesamoid","volume":"13","author":"Kurian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tech. Foot. Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2014.09.024","article-title":"Fact or fiction? Iatrogenic hallux abducto valgus secondary to tibial sesamoidectomy","volume":"54","author":"Canales","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100717717265","article-title":"Radiographic results and return to activity after sesamoidectomy for fracture","volume":"38","author":"Kane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100719868734","article-title":"Efficacy, outcomes, and alignment following isolated fibular sesamoidectomy via a plantar approach","volume":"40","author":"Ford","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"4939","article-title":"Is fibular sesamoidectomy a viable option for sesamoiditis? A retrospective study","volume":"11","author":"Pearson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3603","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520962518","article-title":"Functional outcome of sesamoid excision in athletes","volume":"48","author":"Dean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2019.101656","article-title":"Functional and patient reported outcomes following lateral hallucal sesamoidectomy","volume":"43","author":"Mehtar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.55095\/achot2021\/033","article-title":"First metatarsophalangeal joint arthroscopy of 36 consecutive cases","volume":"88","author":"Levaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Chir. Orthop. Traumatol. Cech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.07.008","article-title":"Sesamoidectomy in athletes: Outcomes from 2-centers","volume":"61","author":"Saxena","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.06.004","article-title":"Arthroscopic sesamoidectomy for hallux sesamoid disorders","volume":"61","author":"Nakajima","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.7547\/21-043","article-title":"Partial excision of a tibial sesamoid fracture nonunion in a patient with congenital absence of fibular sesamoid: A case study","volume":"113","author":"Vesely","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1177\/10711007241264239","article-title":"Early functional outcomes and complications of tibial and\/or peroneal sesamoidectomy utilizing a burr through a medial approach","volume":"45","author":"Engasser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1302\/2058-5241.5.190067","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy: An update","volume":"5","author":"Auersperg","year":"2020","journal-title":"EFORT. Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2020.12.005","article-title":"Effect of platelet-rich plasma on fracture healing","volume":"52","year":"2021","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, F., Li, Z., Jing, Y., Sun, L., Li, Z., and Duan, H. (2023). The effects and underlying mechanism of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on fracture healing. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-006-0236-0","article-title":"The effects of extracorporeal shockwave on acute high-energy long bone fractures of the lower extremity","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma Surg."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, W., Ye, P., Zhu, T., Li, Z., and Sun, J. (2021). Platelet-rich plasma combined with autologous grafting in the treatment of long bone delayed union or non-union: A meta-analysis. Front. Surg., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.621559"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1231-y","article-title":"The use of extracorporeal shock waves in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Alves","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2011.06.003","article-title":"Effectiveness of ESWT in the treatment of Kienb\u00f6ck\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Romeo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-021-02484-5","article-title":"The use of extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of bone marrow oedema\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wieber","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Ye, L., Liu, H., Yang, P., and Yang, B. (2020). Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biomed. Res. Int., 2020.","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1907821"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s43019-024-00252-3","article-title":"A comparative analysis of platelet-rich plasma alone versus combined with extracorporeal shockwave therapy in athletes with patellar tendinopathy and knee pain: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"36","author":"Jhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Knee Surg. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2009.11.012","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock waves, a new non-surgical method to treat severe burns","volume":"36","author":"Sancho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"413","article-title":"Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) in the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Vidal","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000355472","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy in musculoskeletal disorders: A review","volume":"23","author":"Romeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med. Princ. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"62271","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of platelet-rich plasma in fracture healing: A comprehensive review","volume":"16","author":"Kale","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19476035221118419","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035221118419","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma in the repair of articular cartilage injury: A narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2011.02.008","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma in arthroscopic rotator cuff repair: A prospective RCT study, 2-year follow-up","volume":"20","author":"Randelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Shoulder Elb. Surg."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2009.06.030","article-title":"Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging findings in anterior cruciate ligament grafts with and without autologous platelet-derived growth factors","volume":"26","author":"Radice","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthroscopy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Xing, F., Luo, R., and Duan, X. (2021). Platelet-rich plasma for bone fracture treatment: A systematic review of current evidence in preclinical and clinical studies. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.676033"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364S","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603520931170","article-title":"PRP injections for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Filardo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2021.101759","article-title":"The role of platelet rich plasma and other orthobiologics in bone healing and fracture management: A systematic review","volume":"25","author":"Jamal","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.3113\/FAI.2011.0834","article-title":"Current concepts review: Traumatic disorders of the first metatarsophalangeal joint and sesamoid complex","volume":"32","author":"Kadakia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldx010","article-title":"Return to sport following stress fractures of the great toe sesamoids: A systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. Med. Bull."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2018.03.044","article-title":"Sesamoidectomy for hallux sesamoid disorders: A systematic review","volume":"57","author":"Shimozono","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2019.1622246","article-title":"Hallux sesamoid fractures in young athletes","volume":"47","author":"Stein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Artioli, E., Mazzotti, A., Di Paola, G., Sgubbi, F., Gemini, G., Zielli, S.O., and Faldini, C. (2025). Hallux sesamoid nonunion: A comprehensive systematic review of current evidence. J. Pers. Med., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15080342"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2016.07.024","article-title":"Radial soundwave for sesamoidopathy in athletes: A pilot study","volume":"55","author":"Saxena","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1080\/00913847.2021.1964006","article-title":"Platelet rich plasma for hallux sesamoid injuries: A case series","volume":"50","author":"Le","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phys. Sportsmed."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1177\/1089313X241265424","article-title":"Leukocyte-rich platelet-rich plasma for osteonecrosis of sesamoid in a performing artist: A case report","volume":"29","author":"Callahan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Danc. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2021.10.027","article-title":"Concentrated bone marrow aspirate injection for hallux sesamoid disorders","volume":"61","author":"Shimozono","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"16","article-title":"Sesamoid avascular necrosis and stress fracture treated with core decompression and biologic augmentation","volume":"81","author":"Scala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hawaii J. Health Soc. Welf."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2021.101889","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave treatment in foot and ankle fracture non-unions\u2014A review","volume":"51","author":"Kwok","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2020.10.007","article-title":"Bone marrow edema syndrome of the foot treated with extracorporeal shock wave therapy: A retrospective case series","volume":"60","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"55877","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with platelet-rich plasma injection to treat the nonunion of a stress fracture of the proximal phalanx of the great toe: A case report","volume":"16","author":"Omodani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079701800509","article-title":"Autogenous bone grafting of hallux sesamoid nonunions","volume":"18","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B8.0841138","article-title":"Percutaneous screw fixation for fractures of the sesamoid bones of the hallux","volume":"84-B","author":"Blundell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/107110070602700212","article-title":"Medial sesamoid nonunion combined with hallux valgus in athletes: A report of two cases","volume":"27","author":"Pagenstert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-024-05612-y","article-title":"Postoperative outcome of screw fixation with autogenous bone grafting for the management of hallux sesamoid fracture nonunion","volume":"145","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Orthop. Trauma. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asmr.2022.07.007","article-title":"Arthroscopic autologous bone grafting for hallux sesamoid fracture nonunion results in a high rate of complete resolution","volume":"4","author":"Nakajima","year":"1789","journal-title":"Arthrosc. Sports. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foot.2024.102104","article-title":"Long term follow up on treatment of hallux sesamoid fracture with temporary first metatarsal joint internal fixation","volume":"60","author":"Moran","year":"2024","journal-title":"Foot"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.7547\/87507315-91-10-536","article-title":"Internal fixation of a displaced tibial sesamoid fracture","volume":"91","author":"Riley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Podiatr. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"226","article-title":"Tibial sesamoid planing procedure: An appraisal of 26 feet","volume":"23","author":"Aquino","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Foot. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00416-0","article-title":"Tibial sesamoid planing for intractable plantar keratoses","volume":"8","author":"Cane","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/107110079201300405","article-title":"Tibial sesamoid shaving for treatment of intractable plantar keratosis","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1992","journal-title":"Foot Ankle"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-8422(23)00820-0","article-title":"Sesamoid complex disorders","volume":"13","author":"Oloff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Podiatr. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2008.11.003","article-title":"Hallux sesamoid disorders","volume":"14","author":"Cohen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Foot. Ankle. Clin."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2018.09.004","article-title":"Avascular necrosis of the sesamoids","volume":"24","author":"Bartosiak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot. Ankle Clin."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jfas.2017.01.025","article-title":"Nonsurgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the hallux sesamoids: A case series and literature review","volume":"56","author":"Mauler","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Foot Ankle Surg."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/21\/7687\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T04:13:34Z","timestamp":1761797614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/21\/7687"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"21","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14217687"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14217687","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]}}}