{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:59:32Z","timestamp":1762196372421,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Medical University of Silesia","award":["KNW-1-167\/N\/5\/0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KNW-1-167\/N\/5\/0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with a higher prevalence of oral health problems, including parafunctional habits and malocclusions, which may lead to increased orthodontic treatment needs. The objective of this study was to evaluate orthodontic disorders and treatment requirements in children with ASD compared to their neurotypical peers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 148 children aged 3\u201312 years, including 74 children with ASD and 74 controls matched for age and sex. Data were collected via caregiver questionnaires and clinical dental examinations. Malocclusions and orthodontic treatment requirements were assessed using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN), including both the Dental Health Component (DHC) and Aesthetic Component (AC). Statistical analyses included Mann\u2013Whitney U tests, Student\u2019s t-tests, and effect size calculations, with significance set at p \u2264 0.05. Results: Children with ASD exhibited significantly higher orthodontic treatment needs compared to controls, with elevated scores in both IOTN-DHC (p &lt; 0.001) and IOTN-AC (p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were observed for the mean overjet or overbite between groups. Gender analysis revealed that boys with ASD had significantly higher scores in both IOTN-DHC and IOTN-AC, while girls with ASD differed from controls only in IOTN-AC. Conclusions: Children with ASD are at increased risk for orthodontic treatment, particularly for both health and aesthetic needs, with boys showing the most pronounced disparities. These findings highlight the importance of early orthodontic assessment and tailored preventive strategies in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T18:21:46Z","timestamp":1762194106000},"page":"7743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Orthodontic Treatment Needs in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Prynda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"M-Dent Center for Esthetic Dentistry and Implantology, 34a\/7 Sienkiewicza St., 50-335 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wojciech","family":"Niemczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Krakowska 26, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka Anna","family":"Pawlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialist Dental Clinic dr n.med. Agnieszka Anna Pawlik, ul. Strumie\u0144skiego 12\/4, 41-400 Mys\u0142owice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Dawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Paediatric Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, ul. Medyk\u00f3w 16, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Outpatient Clinic for Dental Surgery in Zabrze, University Dental Centre, Silesian Medical University Ltd. in Katowice, pl. Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"},{"name":"Private Dental Practice NZOZ Stomatologia-Dawiec s.c., ul. Witczaka 49\/15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Dawiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Private Dental Practice NZOZ Stomatologia-Dawiec s.c., ul. Witczaka 49\/15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Medical University of Silesia in katowice, pl. Akademicki 17, 41-902 Bytom, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4135-2996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beata","family":"Kazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Development Assistance Centre \u201cCWR Persevere\u201d, K\u0119powa 56 st., 40-583 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0013-0611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miko\u0142aj","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Pschionko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8732-251X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Skaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Emich-Widera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5673-7413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Wiench","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontal Diseases and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, pl. Traugutta 2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2020.03.005","article-title":"Prenatal Origins of ASD: The When, What, and How of ASD Development","volume":"43","author":"Courchesne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Motta, T.P., Da Mota, D.G., Bitencourt, F.V., Jardim, P.F., Abreu, L.G., Zina, L.G., De Abreu, M.H.N.G., and Vargas-Ferreira, F. (J. Autism Dev. Disord., 2025). Dental Caries of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, J. Autism Dev. 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