{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:53:20Z","timestamp":1793105600530,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) following spinal and thoracic procedures are associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased morbidity, with incidence rates of 2\u201315% in spinal surgery and 3\u201312% in thoracic procedures. Multiple patient-related and procedure-specific factors contribute to wound complications, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking, extended surgical time, excessive tissue dissection, and hardware implantation. Implementing evidence-based prevention and early intervention strategies is essential in high-risk surgical cohorts. Methods: This narrative review followed searches in PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Embase for studies published between January 2000 and October 2025. Eligible peer-reviewed articles examined SSI incidence, risk factors, or prevention strategies in adult patients undergoing thoracic or spinal surgery. Data extraction focused on operative parameters, antibiotic prophylaxis regimens, negative-pressure wound therapy (NPWT) use, and patient outcomes. Results: Evidence from found recent studies was synthesized. Key findings demonstrated that operative duration &gt; 4 h increased SSI odds by 41% per additional hour, and blood loss &gt; 500 mL doubled infection risk. Prophylactic NPWT reduced deep SSI rates by 50% in high-risk patients (BMI \u2265 35, diabetes, multilevel instrumentation). Intrawound vancomycin powder reduced deep SSIs by 50\u201360%, particularly in multilevel fusions. Administering prophylactic antibiotics within 30 min of incision was significantly more effective than at 60 min, with a 23% relative risk reduction. Weight-adjusted antibiotic dosing in obese patients lowered SSI rates from 5.1% to 2.9%. Conclusions: Operative parameters strongly predict SSI risk. An integrated risk- and evidence-based approach to wound management following spinal and thoracic surgeries\u2014combining optimized antibiotic prophylaxis, risk-stratified NPWT application, and operative technique modifications\u2014can significantly reduce SSI incidence. Successful implementation requires institutional commitment, multidisciplinary collaboration, and continuous quality improvement to optimize patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T12:55:31Z","timestamp":1763556931000},"page":"8124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Modulation of Surgical Site Infection Risk in Spinal and Thoracic Surgeries Through Operative Parameters: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joanna","family":"Suszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Clinical Department of General and Gastroenterogical Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Grabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Clinical Department of General and Gastroenterogical Surgery, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Sk\u0142odowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7059-2935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Grabala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Polish-Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Rzgowska 281\/289, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2019.09.015","article-title":"Association of malnutrition with surgical site infection following spinal surgery: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"104","author":"Tsantes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hosp. 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