{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T13:23:59Z","timestamp":1763558639651,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized primarily by symmetrical small joint inflammation and damage, often accompanied by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity. While conventional imaging modalities such as plain radiographs, ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are widely used to assess articular and some extra-articular manifestations, each presents limitations in terms of accessibility, comprehensiveness, and diagnostic scope. Nuclear imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography (PET), scintigraphy, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), offer whole-body imaging capabilities and the potential to simultaneously detect multi-system involvement, making them uniquely suited to the complex, systemic nature of RA. This review explores the current and potential roles of nuclear imaging in RA, highlighting its advantages in detecting both articular and extra-articular disease and its emerging promise as a routine tool in RA management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T12:55:31Z","timestamp":1763556931000},"page":"8127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond Conventional Imaging: Nuclear Imaging in Rheumatoid Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Helen","family":"Sugden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0867-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Di Matteo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kulveer","family":"Mankia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leeds Institute of Rheumatic & Musculoskeletal Medicine, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"},{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds LS7 4SA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi5","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes279","article-title":"ACR\/EULAR 2010 rheumatoid arthritis classification criteria","volume":"51","author":"Kay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210011","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0011-2021","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis-interstitial lung disease: Manifestations and current concepts in pathogenesis and management","volume":"30","author":"Kadura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-010-0130-1","article-title":"Rheumatoid vasculitis: Vanishing menace or target for new treatments?","volume":"12","author":"Bartels","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adami, G., Fassio, A., Rossini, M., Caimmi, C., Giollo, A., Orsolini, G., Viapiana, O., and Gatti, D. (2019). Osteoporosis in Rheumatic Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20235867"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k1036","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k1036","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis: Mechanisms and implications","volume":"361","author":"England","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-014-0491-z","article-title":"Autoimmune valvular carditis","volume":"15","author":"Breed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-020-00911-w","article-title":"The Role of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in the Rheumatoid Arthritis Continuum","volume":"22","author":"Mankia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2010.172","article-title":"MRI for the assessment and monitoring of RA\u2013what can it tell us?","volume":"7","author":"McGonagle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2025.102072","article-title":"Clinical utility of ultrasound and MRI in rheumatoid arthritis: An expert review","volume":"39","author":"Kellner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2021.102776","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis: Extra-articular manifestations and comorbidities","volume":"20","author":"Figus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mric.2019.07.007","article-title":"Radiographic\/MR Imaging Correlation of Soft Tissues","volume":"27","author":"Vanhoenacker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Imaging Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E697","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(25)00061-X","article-title":"Whole-Body MRI in Patients with Arthralgia or Inflammatory Arthritis After Exposure to Immune Checkpoint In-Hibitors: A Single-Centre Prospective Imaging Study","volume":"7","author":"Harnden","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Shamam, Y.M., Hashmi, M.F., and De Jesus, O. (2025, October 01). Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK567754\/."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.08.2142","article-title":"Utility of delayed whole-body bone scintigraphy after directed three-phase scintigraphy","volume":"193","author":"Davenport","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cri\u0219an, G., Moldovean-Cioroianu, N.S., Timaru, D.-G., Andrie\u0219, G., C\u0103inap, C., and Chi\u0219, V. (2022). Radiopharmaceuticals for PET and SPECT Imaging: A Literature Review over the Last Decade. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095023"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Adams, C., and Banks, K.P. (2025, May 12). Bone Scan, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK531486\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2016.06.022","article-title":"Radiation exposure levels of routine SPECT\/CT imaging protocols","volume":"85","author":"Rausch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20210388","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20210388","article-title":"Cumulative radiation doses from recurrent PET\u2013CT examinations","volume":"94","author":"Hosono","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sult.2010.10.001","article-title":"Positron emission tomography-computed tomography standardized uptake values in clinical practice and assessing response to therapy","volume":"31","author":"Kinahan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Semin. Ultrasound. CT MR"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.01.023","article-title":"Semi-automated 18F-FDG PET segmentation methods for tumor volume determination in Non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients: A literature review, implementation and multi-threshold evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Keijzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.189.3.8234714","article-title":"Standardized uptake values of normal tissues at PET with 2-[fluorine-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose: Variations with body weight and a method for correction","volume":"189","author":"Zasadny","year":"1993","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11S","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.108.057182","article-title":"Standards for PET image acquisition and quantitative data analysis","volume":"50","author":"Boellaard","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1756-185X.2011.01598.x","article-title":"Glycolysis and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(199906)42:6<1232::AID-ANR21>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"Arthritis of the finger joints: A comprehensive approach comparing conventional radiography, scintigraphy, ultrasound, and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"42","author":"Backhaus","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.10.895","article-title":"Prospective two year follow up study comparing novel and conventional imaging procedures in patients with arthritic finger joints","volume":"61","author":"Backhaus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"155","article-title":"Joint scintigraphy for quantification of synovitis with 99mTc-labelled human immunoglobulin G compared to histological examination","volume":"13","author":"Tak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.47.3.183","article-title":"Value of joint scintigraphy in the prediction of erosiveness in early rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"47","author":"Hannonen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"37","article-title":"Radionuclide imaging with human polyclonal immunoglobulin (99mTc-HIG) and bone scan in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and serum-negative polyarthritis","volume":"15","author":"Gerasimou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hippokratia"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, S.J., Hong, C.M., Cho, I., Ahn, B.-C., Eun, J.S., Kim, N.R., Kang, J.W., and Kang, Y.M. (2021). Reappraisal of bone scintigraphy as a new tool for the evaluation of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01104-w"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2016.31.4.502","article-title":"Bone Scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Is There Additional Value of Bone Scintigraphy with Blood Pool Phase over Conventional Bone Scintigraphy?","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.1.53","article-title":"Scintigraphy using a technetium 99m-labelled anti-E-selectin Fab fragment in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Jamar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.70.833.9227228","article-title":"A comparison between 111In-anti-E-selectin mAb and 99Tcm-labelled human non-specific immunoglobulin in radionuclide imaging of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"70","author":"Jamar","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00301773","article-title":"Value of 99mTc-IgG scintigraphy in the prediction of joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis of recent onset","volume":"15","author":"Westedt","year":"1995","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"33","article-title":"Comparison of HIG scintigraphy and bloodpool scintigraphy using HDP in arthritic joint disease","volume":"39","author":"Klett","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nuklearmedizin"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s002960000081","article-title":"Scintigraphic evaluation of synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis with (99m)technetium-labelled human polyclonal immunoglobulin G","volume":"20","author":"Kirth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1039\/D0BM02037K","article-title":"SPECT imaging and highly efficient therapy of rheumatoid arthritis based on hyperbranched semiconducting polymer nanoparticles","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-996","article-title":"Feasibility of dual-phase 99mTc-MDP SPECT\/CT imaging in rheumatoid arthritis evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Abdelhafez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"20","article-title":"Synovitis and bone inflammation in early rheumatoid arthritis: High-resolution multi-pinhole SPECT versus MRI","volume":"19","author":"Buchbender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. Interv. Radiol. Ank. Turk."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2012.10.011","article-title":"Utility of combined high-resolution bone SPECT and MRI for the identification of rheumatoid arthritis patients with high-risk for erosive progression","volume":"82","author":"Buchbender","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780380616","article-title":"Use of magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography in the assessment of synovial volume and glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"38","author":"Polisson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"956","article-title":"Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with (18)F-FDG PET","volume":"45","author":"Beckers","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-011-1777-3","article-title":"Hybrid 18F-FDG PET-MRI of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis: Initial results","volume":"30","author":"Miese","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40860","article-title":"Development and Validation of an 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography with Computed Tomography-Based Tool for the Evaluation of Joint Counts and Disease Activity in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4103\/wjnm.WJNM_12_20","article-title":"Semi-quantitative analysis of 18F fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the assessment of disease activity and therapeutic response in rheumatoid arthritis: An institutional experience","volume":"19","author":"Ravikanth","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2191","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.13730","article-title":"Comparison of methods of quantifying global synovial metabolic activity with FDG-PET\/CT in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"22","author":"Raynor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-20-788","article-title":"Clinical utility of F-18 sodium fluoride PET\/CT for estimating disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1775746","article-title":"EXPLORing Arthritis with Total-body Positron Emission Tomography","volume":"27","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Musculoskelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11282","article-title":"Use of positron emission tomography with methyl-11C-choline and 2-18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose in comparison with magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of inflammatory proliferation of synovium","volume":"48","author":"Roivainen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.196.3.7644624","article-title":"Quantification of inflammation in the wrist with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging and PET with 2-[F-18]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose","volume":"196","author":"Palmer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rlu.0000222678.95218.42","article-title":"F-18 FDG whole-body PET for the assessment of disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"31","author":"Goerres","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rinkin, C., Fosse, P., Malaise, O., Chapelier, N., Horrion, J., Seidel, L., Albert, A., Hustinx, R., and Malaise, M.G. (2021). Dissociation between 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission computed tomography, ultrasound and clinical assessments in patients with non-severe rheumatoid arthritis, including remission. BMC Rheumatol., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41927-021-00196-1"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"SI6","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab842","article-title":"18F-FDG PET-CT in rheumatoid arthritis patients tapering TNFi: Reliability, validity and predictive value","volume":"61","author":"Bouman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-015-0770-7","article-title":"Subclinical synovitis detected by macrophage PET, but not MRI, is related to short-term flare of clinical disease activity in early RA patients: An exploratory study","volume":"17","author":"Gent","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3350","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23955","article-title":"Noninvasive imaging of macrophages in rheumatoid synovitis using 11C-(R)-PK11195 and positron emission tomography","volume":"58","author":"Elzinga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruijnen, S.T.G., Verweij, N.J.F., Gent, Y.Y.J., Huisman, M.C., Windhorst, A.D., Kassiou, M., van de Ven, P.M., Lammertsma, A.A., Hoekstra, O.S., and Voskuyl, A.E. (2019). Imaging disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis by macrophage targeting using second generation translocator protein positron emission tomography tracers. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222844"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749709065663","article-title":"Positron emission tomography with 11C-D-deprenyl in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Evaluation of knee joint inflammation before and after intra-articular glucocorticoid treatment","volume":"26","author":"Danfors","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-009-0238-4","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of acupuncture in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A prospective study using (18)F-FDG-PET","volume":"23","author":"Sato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-009-1364-x","article-title":"High-resolution (18)F-FDG PET with MRI for monitoring response to treatment in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1644","article-title":"Clinical implication of F-18-FDG-PET and MRI for assessing therapeutic effect of anti TNF\u03b1 antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"51","author":"Arisaka","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes064","article-title":"The assessment of biologic treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis using FDG-PET\/CT","volume":"51","author":"Okamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-012-2282-x","article-title":"Correlation of 18F-FDG PET\/CT assessments with disease activity and markers of inflammation in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis following the initiation of combination therapy with triple oral antirheumatic drugs","volume":"40","author":"Roivainen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2841","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002841","article-title":"Prediction of Large Joint Destruction in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Using 18F-FDG PET\/CT and Disease Activity Score","volume":"95","author":"Suto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/1450-1147.215492","article-title":"Quantitative Metabolic Volumetric Product on 18Fluorine-2fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-positron Emission Tomography\/Computed Tomography in Assessing Treatment Response to Disease-modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Multiparametric Analysis Integrating American College of Rheumatology\/European League Against Rheumatism Criteria","volume":"16","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s41824-017-0022-y","article-title":"18F-FDG PET\/CT joint assessment of early therapeutic response in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with rituximab","volume":"2","author":"Fosse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hybrid Imaging"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001804","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001804","article-title":"Prospective, simultaneous assessment of joint and vascular inflammation by PET\/CT in tofacitinib-treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Associations with vascular and bone status","volume":"7","author":"Hamar","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002108","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-002108","article-title":"Early prediction of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis by quantitative macrophage PET","volume":"8","author":"Verweij","year":"2022","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-009-0305-x","article-title":"Whole-body FDG-PET\/CT on rheumatoid arthritis of large joints","volume":"23","author":"Kubota","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-006-0246-8","article-title":"FDG-PET\/CT can visualise the extent of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis of the tarsus","volume":"34","author":"Vogel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbspin.2012.04.006","article-title":"Similarities and differences in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography\/computed tomography findings in spondyloarthropathy, polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"80","author":"Yamashita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1069458","article-title":"(18)F-FDG and (18)F-NaF PET\/CT demonstrate coupling of inflammation and accelerated bone turnover in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-008-0765-7","article-title":"The comparison of ultrasonographic and scintigraphic findings of early arthritis in revealing rheumatoid arthritis according to criteria of American College of Rheumatology","volume":"29","author":"Ozgul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keh302","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced dynamic and static MRI correlates with quantitative 99Tcm-labelled nanocolloid scintigraphy. Study of early rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"43","author":"Palosaari","year":"2004","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker234","article-title":"99mTc-anti-TNF-\u03b1 scintigraphy in RA: A comparison pilot study with MRI and clinical examination","volume":"50","author":"Roimicher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000001333","article-title":"99mTc-antitumor necrosis factor-alpha scintigraphy for the detection of inflammatory activity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"42","author":"Alexandre","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-019-0576-8","article-title":"Quantifying disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with the TSPO PET ligand 18F-GE-180 and comparison with 18F-FDG and DCE-MRI","volume":"9","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-022-00243-8","article-title":"Inhibition of fibroblast activation protein ameliorates cartilage matrix degradation and osteoarthritis progression","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1263-7","article-title":"Distinct fibroblast subsets drive inflammation and damage in arthritis","volume":"570","author":"Croft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6104","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-025-11610-4","article-title":"Fibroblast activation imaging in rheumatoid arthritis: Evaluating disease activity and treatment response using [18F]FAPI PET\/CT","volume":"35","author":"Mu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e222052","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.222052","article-title":"68Ga-FAPI PET\/CT for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Prospective Study","volume":"307","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13550-023-01064-4","article-title":"[68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET\/CT may be a predictor for early treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Pan","year":"2024","journal-title":"EJNMMI Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217408","article-title":"Disentangling inflammatory from fibrotic disease activity by fibroblast activation protein imaging","volume":"79","author":"Schmidkonz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30421-5","article-title":"68Ga-FAPI-04 PET-CT for molecular assessment of fibroblast activation and risk evaluation in systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease: A single-centre, pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Bergmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cutolo, M., Campitiello, R., Gotelli, E., and Soldano, S. (2022). The Role of M1\/M2 Macrophage Polarization in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.867260"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-022-00790-8","article-title":"Synovial tissue macrophages in joint homeostasis, rheumatoid arthritis and disease remission","volume":"18","author":"Alivernini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zerrouk, N., Alcraft, R., Hall, B.A., Aug\u00e9, F., and Niarakis, A. (2024). Large-scale computational modelling of the M1 and M2 synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. npj Syst. Biol. Appl., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41540-024-00337-5"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0939-8","article-title":"Distinct synovial tissue macrophage subsets regulate inflammation and remission in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Alivernini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, Y., Wei, K., Jiang, P., Zhao, J., Shan, Y., Shi, Y., Zhao, F., Chang, C., Li, Y., and Zhou, M. (2024). Macrophage polarization in rheumatoid arthritis: Signaling pathways, metabolic reprogramming, and crosstalk with synovial fibroblasts. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1394108"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780390116","article-title":"Synovial tissue macrophage populations and articular damage in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"39","author":"Mulherin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2145","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140059","article-title":"Detection of subclinical synovitis with macrophage targeting and positron emission tomography in patients with rheumatoid arthritis without clinical arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Gent","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaqub, M., Verweij, N.J., Pieplenbosch, S., Boellaard, R., Lammertsma, A.A., and Laken, C.J. (2020). van der Quantitative Assessment of Arthritis Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Using [11C]DPA-713 Positron Emission Tomography. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093137"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24219","article-title":"Folate receptor \u03b2 as a potential delivery route for novel folate antagonists to macrophages in the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"60","author":"Oerlemans","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verweij, N.J.F., Yaqub, M., Bruijnen, S.T.G., Pieplenbosch, S., Ter Wee, M.M., Jansen, G., Chen, Q., Low, P.S., Windhorst, A.D., and Lammertsma, A.A. (2020). First in man study of [18F]fluoro-PEG-folate PET: A novel macrophage imaging technique to visualize rheumatoid arthritis. Sci. Rep., 10.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57841-x"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"253","article-title":"Assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis using a novel folate targeted radiopharmaceutical FolatescanTM","volume":"27","author":"Matteson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-018-0022-8","article-title":"Microvascular endothelial dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"14","author":"Bordy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-015-9477-2","article-title":"The Pathogenic Role of Angiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"18","author":"Elshabrawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii96","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.61.suppl_2.ii96","article-title":"Integrin alpha V beta 3 as a target for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and related rheumatic diseases","volume":"61","author":"Wilder","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"(2025, May 30). Imaging Neoangiogenesis in Rheumatoid Arthritis II (INIRA II): Whole-Body Synovial Uptake of 99mTc-Maraciclatide Correlates with Power Doppler Ultrasound and Serum Neoangiogenic Biomarkers-ACR Meeting Abstracts. Available online: https:\/\/acrabstracts.org\/abstract\/imaging-neoangiogenesis-in-rheumatoid-arthritis-ii-inira-ii-whole-body-synovial-uptake-of-99mtc-maraciclatide-correlates-with-power-doppler-ultrasound-and-serum-neoangiogenic-biomarkers\/."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust (2025, May 29). An Observational Study Exploring the Value 99mMaracticaltide Imaging for Predicting Outcomes for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Undergoing Tapering of Therapy. Report No.: NCT05983848, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05983848."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"University of Exeter (2025, May 30). PRospective Evaluation of Interstitial Lung DIsease Progression with Quantitative CT. Report No.: NCT05609201, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05609201."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"IMAGE-IA (2025, May 30). Health Research Authority. Available online: https:\/\/www.hra.nhs.uk\/planning-and-improving-research\/application-summaries\/research-summaries\/image-ia\/."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000265","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2016-000265","article-title":"den Scintigraphic detection of TNF-driven inflammation by radiolabelled certolizumab pegol in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis","volume":"2","author":"Carron","year":"2016","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/39.8.870","article-title":"Radiolabelled interleukin-1 receptor antagonist for detection of synovitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"39","author":"Barrera","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.62.9.825","article-title":"van Scintigraphic detection of tumour necrosis factor in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"62","author":"Barrera","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Conti, F., Malviya, G., Ceccarelli, F., Priori, R., Iagnocco, A., Valesini, G., and Signore, A. (2025, May 12). Role of Scintigraphy with 99mTc-Infliximab in Predicting the Response of Intraarticular Infliximab Treatment in Patients with Refractory Monoarthritis. Available online: https:\/\/iris.unito.it\/handle\/2318\/1613200."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-2011-0239","article-title":"CD20 antigen imaging with 124I-rituximab PET\/CT in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"20","author":"Tran","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Antibodies"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-011-0527-x","article-title":"(99m)Tc-labeled rituximab for imaging B lymphocyte infiltration in inflammatory autoimmune disease patients","volume":"14","author":"Malviya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e72","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(23)00305-3","article-title":"Factors associated with resolution of ultrasound subclinical synovitis in anti-CCP-positive individuals with musculoskeletal symptoms: A UK prospective cohort study","volume":"6","author":"Kang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ket405","article-title":"Ultrasonographic examination of rheumatoid arthritis patients who are free of physical synovitis: Power Doppler subclinical synovitis is associated with bone erosion","volume":"53","author":"Kawashiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.160193","article-title":"Subclinical Synovitis Assessed by Ultrasound Predicts Flare and Progressive Bone Erosion in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients with Clinical Remission: A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis","volume":"43","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-0272","article-title":"Predicting Inflammatory Arthritis in At-Risk Persons: Development of Scores for Risk Stratification","volume":"176","author":"Duquenne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205227","article-title":"Predicting the development of clinical arthritis in anti-CCP positive individuals with non-specific musculoskeletal symptoms: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"74","author":"Rakieh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.7.521","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and scintigraphy of the finger joints: One year follow up of patients with early arthritis","volume":"59","author":"Klarlund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keab862","article-title":"Ultrasound subclinical synovitis in anti-CCP-positive at-risk individuals with musculoskeletal symptoms: An important and predictable stage in the rheumatoid arthritis continuum","volume":"61","author":"Duquenne","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead570","article-title":"Ultrasound in anti-CCP+ at-risk individuals without clinical synovitis: Development of a novel 6-joint protocol for feasible risk prediction","volume":"63","author":"Duquenne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2634-y","article-title":"Presence of power Doppler synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with synthetic and\/or biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug-induced clinical remission: Experience from a Chinese cohort","volume":"33","author":"Geng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4380","article-title":"SAT0551\u2005Whole Body Macrophage Pet Imaging That Includes the Feet Can Provide Additional Information to Clinical Assessment in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Verweij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.131.4.665","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis and its variants: Analysis of scintiphotographic, radiographic, and clinical examinations","volume":"131","author":"Weissberg","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42767","article-title":"Poly-Refractory Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Uncommon Subset of Difficult to Treat Disease with Distinct Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Phenotypes","volume":"76","author":"David","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"(2025, May 14). EULAR Definition of Difficult-To-Treat Rheumatoid Arthritis|Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. Available online: https:\/\/ard.bmj.com\/content\/80\/1\/31."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elzinga, E.H., van der Laken, C.J., Comans, E.F.I., Lammertsma, A.A., Dijkmans, B.a.C., and Voskuyl, A.E. (2007). 2-Deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose Joint Uptake on Positron Emission Tomography Images: Rheumatoid Arthritis Versus Osteoarthritis. Mol. Imaging Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-007-0113-4"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-009-0761-3","article-title":"Early detection of bony alterations in rheumatoid and erosive arthritis of finger joints with high-resolution single photon emission computed tomography, and differentiation between them","volume":"39","author":"Ostendorf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.4329\/wjr.v4.i12.462","article-title":"Potential of (18)F-FDG-PET as a valuable adjunct to clinical and response assessment in rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative spondyloarthropathies","volume":"4","author":"Vijayant","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20160138","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20160138","article-title":"High-resolution 18F-FDG PET\/CT for assessing disease activity in rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: Findings of a prospective pilot study","volume":"89","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-012-2604-0","article-title":"Regional Lymph node hypermetabolism corresponding to the involved joints on FDG-PET in newly diagnosed patients of rheumatoid arthritis: Observation and illustration in symmetrical and asymmetric joint involvement","volume":"34","author":"Basu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0b013e318065ba51","article-title":"Axillary Lymph Node Visualization on F-18 FDG PET Body Scans in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"32","author":"Seldin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7130","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000007130","article-title":"Diagnostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake parameters to differentiate rheumatoid arthritis from other types of arthritis","volume":"96","author":"Bhattarai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-211169","article-title":"Long-term outcomes after disease activity-guided dose reduction of TNF inhibition in rheumatoid arthritis: 3-year data of the DRESS study-a randomised controlled pragmatic non-inferiority strategy trial","volume":"76","author":"Bouman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/14397595.2016.1266132","article-title":"Predictive factors associated with the progression of large-joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis after biologic therapy: A post-hoc analysis using FDG-PET\/CT and the ARASHI (assessment of rheumatoid arthritis by scoring of large-joint destruction and healing in radiographic imaging) scoring method","volume":"27","author":"Suto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mod. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.11.1127","article-title":"Larsen scoring of digitized X-ray images","volume":"38","author":"Solymossy","year":"1999","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.110.076711","article-title":"18F-FDG PET as a Tool to Predict the Clinical Outcome of Infliximab Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Explorative Study","volume":"52","author":"Elzinga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.220152","article-title":"Can Patients with Controlled Rheumatoid Arthritis Taper Methotrexate from Targeted Therapy and Sustain Remission? A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis","volume":"50","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e659","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(21)00224-1","article-title":"Tapering of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs: An overview for daily practice","volume":"3","author":"Maassen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"CD010455","article-title":"Down-titration and discontinuation strategies of tumour necrosis factor-blocking agents for rheumatoid arthritis in patients with low disease activity","volume":"5","author":"Verhoef","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez278","article-title":"Predictors of successful discontinuation of biologic and targeted synthetic DMARDs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in remission or low disease activity: A systematic literature review","volume":"59","author":"Schlager","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/acr2.11656","article-title":"Predicting Flare in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis in Biologic Induced Remission, on Tapering, and on Stable Therapy","volume":"6","author":"Gul","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACR Open Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1316","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200548","article-title":"Can flare be predicted in DMARD treated RA patients in remission, and is it important? A cohort study","volume":"71","author":"Saleem","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kev006","article-title":"Predictive value of Doppler ultrasound-detected synovitis in relation to failed tapering of biologic therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Naredo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001768","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2021-001768","article-title":"A core set of risk factors in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic literature review informing the EULAR points to consider for conducting clinical trials and observational studies in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"7","author":"Mankia","year":"2021","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2015-208235","article-title":"Ultrasound findings predict progression to inflammatory arthritis in anti-CCP antibody-positive patients without clinical synovitis","volume":"75","author":"Nam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5589","article-title":"Ultrasound erosions in the feet best predict progression to inflammatory arthritis in anti-CCP positive at-risk individuals without clinical synovitis","volume":"79","author":"Mankia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harnden, K., Di Matteo, A., and Mankia, K. (2022). When and how should we use imaging in individuals at risk of rheumatoid arthritis?. Front. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.1058510"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30655","article-title":"Macrophage positron emission tomography imaging as a biomarker for preclinical rheumatoid arthritis: Findings of a prospective pilot study","volume":"64","author":"Gent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.063792","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging and bone scintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of unclassified arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Duer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/03009749609080006","article-title":"Technetium-99m Labelled Human Immunoglobulin Scintigraphy Predicts Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Arthralgia","volume":"25","author":"Arndt","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"286","article-title":"Extra-articular Manifestations in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"5","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"M\u00e6dica"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2013.07.010","article-title":"Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"166","author":"Crowson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2012.16","article-title":"Validated methods for assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatology","volume":"8","author":"Kerekes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-015-3259-3","article-title":"Position paper of the Cardiovascular Committee of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM) on PET imaging of atherosclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Bucerius","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2022-223302","article-title":"Reducing cardiovascular risk with immunomodulators: A randomised active comparator trial among patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"82","author":"Solomon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1007\/s12149-020-01463-w","article-title":"Assessing the feasibility of NaF-PET\/CT versus FDG-PET\/CT to detect abdominal aortic calcification or inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis patients","volume":"34","author":"Seraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e257","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2021.36.e257","article-title":"The Value of 18F-FDG PET\/CT in Evaluating Disease Severity and Prognosis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Patients","volume":"36","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-024-03447-x","article-title":"Quantitative 18F-FDG PET-CT can assess presence and extent of interstitial lung disease in early severe diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Broens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rkac014","DOI":"10.1093\/rap\/rkac014","article-title":"Extra-articular findings with FDG-PET\/CT in rheumatoid arthritis patients: More harm than benefit","volume":"6","author":"Ulijn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Adv. Pract."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"621340","article-title":"Role of 18F-FDG PET Scan in Rheumatoid Lung Nodule: Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"2013","author":"Chhakchhuak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dixit, T., Dave, N., Basu, K., Sonawane, P., Gawas, T., and Ravindran, S. (2024). Nano-Radiopharmaceuticals as Therapeutic Agents. Front. Med., 11, Available online: https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/journals\/medicine\/articles\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1355058\/full.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1355058"},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"123","article-title":"Nuclear imaging approaches facilitating nanomedicine translation","volume":"154\u2013155","author":"Teunissen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cobb, R., Cook, G.J.R., and Reader, A.J. (2023). Deep Learned Segmentations of Inflammation for Novel 99mTc-maraciclatide Imaging of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13213298"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/22\/8127\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T13:19:01Z","timestamp":1763558341000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/22\/8127"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14228127"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14228127","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]]}}}