{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T16:26:28Z","timestamp":1789835188456,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP19677596"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19677596"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Discontinuing mechanical ventilation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is common but may adversely affect postoperative pulmonary function. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of stopping ventilation during CPB on postoperative gas exchange, radiographic findings, intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS), mortality, reintubation, re-exploration, and bleeding. Methods: A prospective observational study was performed involving adult patients scheduled for elective cardiac surgery requiring CPB. Participants were divided into ventilated and non-ventilated groups according to intraoperative strategy. Postoperative arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), the PaO2\/FiO2 ratio (P\/F ratio), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and the ratio of PaCO2 to minute ventilation (PaCO2\/MV) were measured before the induction of anesthesia (within 5 min after transportation into the operating room), postoperatively within 5\u201310 min after transportation to the ICU, and in a 24 h postoperative period. Chest X-ray data, mechanical ventilation time, LOS in ICU, re-exploration, reintubation, and bleeding parameters were documented. Analyses were also conducted with the estimation of the age effect and BMI. Results: Individuals in the non-ventilated group exhibited lower postoperative P\/F ratios and elevated postoperative PaCO2 and PaCO2\/MV ratios. The difference in gas exchange leveled off within 24 h. There was no difference in the incidence of atelectasis (postoperatively in a 24 h period), mechanical ventilation time, LOS in ICU, or mortality. However, the incidence of bleeding was higher in the non-ventilated group (\u03c72 = 5.78, p = 0.016). Interestingly, postoperative PaCO2 and PaCO2\/MV peaked in the 50-year age group. Conclusions: Continued mechanical ventilation during CPB correlates with better postoperative gas exchange, better CO2 clearance, and fewer bleeding events. The results suggest that maintaining low tidal volume ventilation during CPB may provide benefits, especially for patients aged 50 years.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T10:30:59Z","timestamp":1763634659000},"page":"8215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impact of Ventilation Discontinuation During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: A Prospective Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3581-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatyana","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1504-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azhar","family":"Zhailauova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8840-2608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwan","family":"Wachruschew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6431-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidyn","family":"Kuanyshbek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7283-8935","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaimurat","family":"Tulegenov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perizat","family":"Bukirova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bekaidar","family":"Zhakupbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilya","family":"Nikitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9149-758X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dauren","family":"Ayaganov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Heart Center CF \u201cUniversity Medical Center\u201d, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timur","family":"Kapyshev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7854-2211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robertas","family":"Samalavicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Emergency Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Melnikov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Ringerike Hospital, 3511 H\u00f8nefoss, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8325-8861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodoros","family":"Aslanidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Unit & Anesthesia Department, Agios Pavlos General, Hospital of Thessaloniki, 55135 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.108.6.1551","article-title":"Acute Lung Injury During Cardiopulmonary Bypass","volume":"108","author":"Mihaljevic","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2015.04.002","article-title":"Pulmonary complications of cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"29","author":"Huffmyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Best Pract. 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