{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:47:19Z","timestamp":1791229639780,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Preoperative anemia and non-anemic iron deficiency are common in cardiac surgery patients. Both are frequently caused by absolute iron deficiency or are associated with chronic diseases and inflammation. Multiple studies have shown an association between preoperative anemia and increased RBC transfusion, prolonged intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, and higher postoperative morbidity and mortality. The impact of preoperative non-anemic iron deficiency on postoperative adverse outcome is less clear, but worsened postoperative outcomes have been suggested. Accordingly, treatment for anemia and iron deficiency is a primary goal in preoperative optimization in cardiac surgery patients. Several guidelines recommend timely supplementation with modern oral iron formulation as first-line intervention, followed by intravenous iron administration in case of patient intolerance or time restriction. In patients with non-pure iron deficiency or in ultra-short treatment strategies, the combined therapy of intravenous iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents seems safe and most efficacious to increase red blood mass before surgery. However, the positive effects of preoperative interventions in anemic or iron-deficient patients were mostly limited to reduced transfusion of red blood cells, whereas lower morbidity and mortality were shown in limited studies only. It is also important to note that allogeneic blood products are a limited resource, and preoperative oral iron supplementation showed the best cost-effectiveness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14228261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T09:50:26Z","timestamp":1763718626000},"page":"8261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Anemia and Iron Deficiency in Cardiac Surgery Patients: Prevalence, Implications, and Therapeutic Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Isabelle","family":"Frei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Anaesthesia, Intermediate Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annika L\u00e9onie","family":"Gogniat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Anaesthesia, Intermediate Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7942-6746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Buser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Regional Blood Transfusion Service, Swiss Red Cross, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Clinic of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4094-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Bolliger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Anaesthesia, Intermediate Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-06-508325","article-title":"A systematic analysis of global anemia burden from 1990 to 2010","volume":"123","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-1","article-title":"Prevalence of anaemia in older persons: Systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Gaskell","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.718353","article-title":"Risk associated with preoperative anemia in cardiac surgery: A multicenter cohort study","volume":"117","author":"Karkouti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13423","article-title":"The incidence and importance of anaemia in patients undergoing cardiac surgery in the UK\u2014The first Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthetists national audit","volume":"71","author":"Klein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.049","article-title":"Preoperative anaemia in cardiac surgery: Preoperative assessment, treatment and outcome","volume":"128","author":"Bolliger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006445","article-title":"Perioperative Iron Deficiency in Patients Scheduled for Major Elective Surgeries: A French Prospective Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"137","author":"Capdevila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006822","article-title":"Associations Between Nonanemic Iron Deficiency and Postoperative Outcomes in Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"139","author":"Peri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.05.039","article-title":"Nonanemic Iron Deficiency in Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Observational Study","volume":"38","author":"Horwood","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2025.03.043","article-title":"Transfusion, Bleeding, or Coagulopathy: What Matters Most in Patients After Cardiac Surgery?","volume":"39","author":"Bolliger","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1492","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.03.003","article-title":"The Relationship Between Transfusion in Cardiac Surgery Patients and Adverse Outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000001466","article-title":"Outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and ethics in patient blood management","volume":"38","author":"Bolliger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.11.020","article-title":"Controversies in the Clinical Practice of Patient Blood Management","volume":"35","author":"Bolliger","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1964","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.10.006","article-title":"2024 EACTS\/EACTAIC Guidelines on Patient Blood Management in Adult Cardiac Surgery in Collaboration With EBCP","volume":"39","author":"Casselman","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinane.2024.111560","article-title":"Comprehensive perioperative blood management in patients undergoing elective bypass cardiac surgery: Benefit effect of health care education and systematic correction of iron deficiency and anemia on red blood cell transfusion","volume":"98","author":"Charbonneau","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.09.085","article-title":"Treatment Strategies in Anemic Patients Before Cardiac Surgery","volume":"37","author":"Kloeser","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.0554","article-title":"Patient Blood Management: Recommendations From the 2018 Frankfurt Consensus Conference","volume":"321","author":"Mueller","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00502-6","article-title":"Measuring haemoglobin concentration to define anaemia: WHO guidelines","volume":"403","author":"Pasricha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.02.006","article-title":"Unravelling the Impact of Gender Disparities in Cardiac Surgery","volume":"38","author":"Bolliger","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminhematol.2015.07.006","article-title":"Anemia in Clinical Practice-Definition and Classification: Does Hemoglobin Change with Aging?","volume":"52","author":"Cappellini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braat, S., Fielding, K., Han, J., Jackson, V.E., Zaloumis, S., Xu, J.X.H., Moir-Meyer, G., Blaauwendraad, S.M., Jaddoe, V.W.V., and Gaillard, R. (2023). Statistical haemoglobin thresholds to define anaemia across the lifecycle. medRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.05.22.23290129"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13773","article-title":"International consensus statement on the peri-operative management of anaemia and iron deficiency","volume":"72","author":"Munoz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.03.034","article-title":"Impact of Preoperative Hematocrit, Body Mass Index, and Red Cell Mass on Allogeneic Blood Product Usage in Adult Cardiac Surgical Patients: Report from a Statewide Quality Initiative","volume":"37","author":"Tanaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02650-9","article-title":"Postoperative anemia in cardiac surgery patients: A narrative review","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2436","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0908355","article-title":"Ferric carboxymaltose in patients with heart failure and iron deficiency","volume":"361","author":"Anker","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e514","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(22)00142-9","article-title":"Associations between non-anaemic iron deficiency and outcomes following elective cardiac surgery (IDOCS): A prospective cohort study","volume":"9","author":"Miles","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.19440","article-title":"Identification and management of preoperative anaemia in adults: A British Society for Haematology Guideline update","volume":"205","author":"Hands","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.13304","article-title":"Pre-operative haematological assessment in patients scheduled for major surgery","volume":"71","author":"Munoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-023-02119-2","article-title":"The efficacy of intravenous iron for treatment of anemia before cardiac surgery: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"CD011588","article-title":"Iron therapy for preoperative anaemia","volume":"12","author":"Ng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2013.48.1.10","article-title":"Role of hepcidin in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of anemia","volume":"48","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041809","article-title":"Anemia of chronic disease","volume":"352","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2017.06.074","article-title":"Preoperative Anemia in Cardiac Operation: Does Hemoglobin Tell the Whole Story?","volume":"105","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2304968","article-title":"Ferric Carboxymaltose in Heart Failure with Iron Deficiency","volume":"389","author":"Mentz","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5455\/msm.2015.27.144-148","article-title":"The Relation of Erythropoietin Towards Hemoglobin and Hematocrit in Varying Degrees of Renal Insufficiency","volume":"27","author":"Panjeta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sociomed."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeq361","article-title":"Detection, evaluation, and management of preoperative anaemia in the elective orthopaedic surgical patient: NATA guidelines","volume":"106","author":"Goodnough","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103361","article-title":"Timing of intravenous iron for treatment of anaemia in surgical patients: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.12.016","article-title":"Preoperative anaemia and outcome after elective cardiac surgery: A Dutch national registry analysis","volume":"128","author":"Hazen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.653501","article-title":"Impact of preoperative anemia on outcome in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery","volume":"116","author":"Kulier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-023-02620-1","article-title":"Preoperative anemia and anemia treatment in cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Lau","year":"2024","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2022.01.013","article-title":"Critical Preoperative Hemoglobin Value to Predict Anemia-Related Complications After Cardiac Surgery","volume":"36","author":"Kattou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000005392","article-title":"Sex-Specific Associations Between Preoperative Anemia and Postoperative Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery","volume":"132","author":"Ripoll","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14185","article-title":"The association between borderline pre-operative anaemia in women and outcomes after cardiac surgery: A cohort study","volume":"73","author":"Blaudszun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2018.03.109","article-title":"Preoperative anemia versus blood transfusion: Which is the culprit for worse outcomes in cardiac surgery?","volume":"156","author":"LaPar","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/s12630-017-0991-0","article-title":"Pre- and postoperative anemia, acute kidney injury, and mortality after coronary artery bypass grafting surgery: A retrospective observational study","volume":"65","author":"Oprea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-017-3911-0","article-title":"The Effect of Preoperative Anemia on the Outcome After Coronary Surgery","volume":"41","author":"Tauriainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/0218492315618032","article-title":"Anemia in cardiac surgery: Next target for mortality and morbidity improvement?","volume":"24","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asian Cardiovasc. Thorac. Ann."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2016.06.010","article-title":"Does the severity of preoperative anemia or blood transfusion have a stronger impact on long-term survival after cardiac surgery?","volume":"152","author":"Kaufner","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semtcvs.2019.02.012","article-title":"Preoperative Anemic Patients Have Poor Outcomes; How Can We Optimize These Patients Prior to Surgery?","volume":"31","author":"Greenhouse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2019.04.108","article-title":"Preoperative Anemia and Outcomes in Cardiovascular Surgery: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"108","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1711818","article-title":"Restrictive or Liberal Red-Cell Transfusion for Cardiac Surgery","volume":"377","author":"Mazer","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403612","article-title":"Liberal or restrictive transfusion after cardiac surgery","volume":"372","author":"Murphy","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307983","article-title":"Restrictive or Liberal Transfusion Strategy in Myocardial Infarction and Anemia","volume":"389","author":"Carson","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2013.03.015","article-title":"Major bleeding, transfusions, and anemia: The deadly triad of cardiac surgery","volume":"96","author":"Ranucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezs043","article-title":"EuroSCORE II","volume":"41","author":"Nashef","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2020.11.031","article-title":"Management of Perioperative Iron Deficiency in Cardiac Surgery: A Modified RAND Delphi Study","volume":"113","author":"Corwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.14115","article-title":"Postoperative outcomes following cardiac surgery in non-anaemic iron-replete and iron-deficient patients\u2014An exploratory study","volume":"73","author":"Miles","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2023.12.013","article-title":"Abnormal Iron Status and Adverse Outcome After Elective Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective, Observational Multicenter Study","volume":"38","author":"Hazen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gomez-Ramirez, S., Brilli, E., Tarantino, G., Girelli, D., and Munoz, M. (2023). Sucrosomial((R)) Iron: An Updated Review of Its Clinical Efficacy for the Treatment of Iron Deficiency. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16060847"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jju009","article-title":"European consensus on the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency and anaemia in inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"9","author":"Dignass","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, C., Allen, S., Kopyt, N., and Pergola, P. (2021). Iron Replacement Therapy with Oral Ferric Maltol: Review of the Evidence and Expert Opinion. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10194448"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1002\/hem3.108","article-title":"Recommendations for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia","volume":"8","author":"Iolascon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-019-03871-z","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of twice-daily versus alternate-day oral iron therapy in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia","volume":"99","author":"Kaundal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.52198\/21.STI.39.CV1512","article-title":"Preoperative Sucrosomial Iron Supplementation Increases Haemoglobin and Reduces Transfusion Requirements in Elective Heart Surgery Patients: A Prospective Randomized Study","volume":"39","author":"Pierelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Technol. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"305","article-title":"Benefits of pre-operative oral Sucrosomial(R) iron supplementation in cardiac surgery: Influence of patient\u2019s baseline hemoglobin and gender","volume":"21","author":"Weltert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Transfus."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2024.08.030","article-title":"Efficacy of intravenous iron supplementation in reducing transfusion risk following cardiac surgery: An updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"133","author":"Hung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32555-8","article-title":"Effect of ultra-short-term treatment of patients with iron deficiency or anaemia undergoing cardiac surgery: A prospective randomised trial","volume":"393","author":"Spahn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.01.034","article-title":"Randomised open-label trial comparing intravenous iron and an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent versus oral iron to treat preoperative anaemia in cardiac surgery (INITIATE trial)","volume":"128","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2020.12.044","article-title":"Determining Optimal Treatment to Correct Preoperative Anemia and Reduce Perioperative Allogeneic Blood Transfusions in Cardiac Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study","volume":"35","author":"Peel","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28920","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000028920","article-title":"Effects of perioperative erythropoietin administration on acute kidney injury and red blood cell transfusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"101","author":"Shin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2024.06.013","article-title":"Effect of Preoperative Recombinant Human Erythropoietin on the Need for Blood Transfusion and Surgical Outcomes in Adult Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis","volume":"38","author":"Hakim","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2023.09.007","article-title":"Intravenous iron administration before cardiac surgery reduces red blood cell transfusion in patients without anaemia","volume":"131","author":"Friedman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"844618","article-title":"Preoperative iron supplementation in non-anemic patients undergoing major surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Toledo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Anesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.16605","article-title":"The use of iron after surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Lim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"101038","article-title":"Short-term treatment of iron deficiency anemia after cardiac surgery","volume":"40","author":"Venturini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1186\/s13741-025-00596-8","article-title":"Effect of (short-term) intravenous iron supplementation in iron-deficient non-anaemic cardiac surgical patients on perioperative outcome","volume":"14","author":"Blum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Perioper. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2023.11.004","article-title":"Does patient blood management represent good value for money?","volume":"37","author":"Irving","year":"2023","journal-title":"Best. Pract. Res. Clin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2020.04.087","article-title":"Patient blood management interventions do not lead to important clinical benefits or cost-effectiveness for major surgery: A network meta-analysis","volume":"126","author":"Roman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1692","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.17495","article-title":"Management of perioperative iron deficiency anemia as part of patient blood management in France: A budget impact model-based analysis based on real world data","volume":"63","author":"Lasocki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.12873","article-title":"Health economics of Patient Blood Management: A cost-benefit analysis based on a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Meybohm","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vox Sang."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ezaf067","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezaf067","article-title":"Sucrosomial iron? Not so fast","volume":"67","author":"Colomina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70124","DOI":"10.1002\/jha2.70124","article-title":"Evaluating Economic and Clinical Impacts of Anaemia Management Strategies: A Systematic Review of the Evidence From the UK Perspective","volume":"6","author":"Farabi","year":"2025","journal-title":"EJHaem"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15271","article-title":"Anaemia in cardiac surgery\u2014A retrospective review of a centre\u2019s experience with a pre-operative intravenous iron clinic","volume":"76","author":"Quarterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/22\/8261\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T10:05:49Z","timestamp":1763719549000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/22\/8261"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14228261"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14228261","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]}}}