{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T01:08:33Z","timestamp":1776906513805,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]],"date-time":"2025-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763856000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preeclampsia (PE) is a multicomplex disorder occurring during pregnancy, characterized by the onset of hypertension and proteinuria, or hypertension accompanied by organ dysfunction (such as impaired liver function, renal insufficiency, pulmonary edema, or cerebral and visual impairment), with or without proteinuria in the latter half of pregnancy or postpartum. It impacts around 5% of all pregnancies, resulting in considerable fetal and maternal mortality and morbidity. A properly regulated inflammatory response is crucial for achieving a successful pregnancy; nevertheless, an excessive reaction appears to contribute to the onset of this syndrome. This review sought to investigate the role and correlation of interleukins (IL)-15, IL-16, IL-17, and IL-35 in the pathogenesis of PE, along with the prospective application of biomarkers in predicting and monitoring this illness. Methods: A thorough investigation was performed in the PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar electronic databases up to September 2025, employing the terms PE, Pregnancy, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-35, Inflammatory Response, and Cytokines. Women at the time of diagnosis were matched with normotensive counterparts of similar gestational age. Results: A total of 30 full-text articles were obtained following a thorough assessment. The majority of the published data showed that women with preeclampsia have significantly higher levels of IL-15 and IL-17 in their plasma compared to normotensive women, whereas IL-35 levels were mainly decreased, respectively. Moreover, IL-16 levels were elevated across all the studies, primarily correlating with condition severity. Conclusions: Collectively, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, and IL-35 are markedly linked to the immunopathology of preeclampsia, with elevated maternal serum levels corresponding with the presence and severity of the disease. These cytokines demonstrate potential as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and disease surveillance. Future study, including the examination of cytokine profiles in placental and amniotic fluid, as well as additional intriguing cytokines, is essential to clarify their prognostic importance and mechanistic roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:31:54Z","timestamp":1764088314000},"page":"8322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Unveiling the Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of Inflammatory Cytokines in Preeclampsia: A Review of \u0399nterleukins IL-15, IL-16, IL-17 and IL-35"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Arzou","family":"Chalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanouil","family":"Andreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6454-7855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevas","family":"Perros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7760-0608","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioakeim","family":"Sapantzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, General Hospital of Athens \u2018ALEXANDRA\u2019, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7229-9983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonios","family":"Koutras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Fertility Center, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3853-8352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Prokopakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bourn Hall, Fertility Clinc, Cambridge CB23 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3419-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dionysios","family":"Metaxas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erythros Stavros Hospital, 11526 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Chionis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, Laiko General Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Tsakaldimis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikoletta","family":"Koutlaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7869-6824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Tsigalou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Kontomanolis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-019-0351-2","article-title":"Immunological adaptations in pregnancy that modulate rheumatoid arthritis disease activity","volume":"16","author":"Villiger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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