{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T11:49:57Z","timestamp":1764330597231,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most common sexual problems in men. Autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is an important determinant of circadian changes in blood pressure (BP), also has a mechanism that controls ejaculation. We aimed to investigate the relationship between PE and BP variability. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 80 normotensive patients with PE and 80 healthy volunteers. All the participants underwent 24-h ambulatory BP measurement. Participants were categorized into two groups based on the percentage of nocturnal BP dipping: the dipper BP (DBP), and non-dipper BP (NDBP) groups. Results: The frequency of the NDBP pattern was significantly higher in the PE group compared to the control group (48% vs. 28%, p = 0.009). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, the NDBP pattern remained significantly associated with PE [odds ratio: 0.399, 95% confidence interval: (0.207\u20130.770), p = 0.006]. Within the PE group premature ejaculation diagnostic tool (PEDT) scores were significantly higher in individuals with NDBP than individuals with DBP (15.62 \u00b1 2.85 vs. 14.32 \u00b1 2.65, p = 0.038). Conclusions: The frequency of the NDBP pattern was significantly higher in the PE group among normotensive individuals. Additionally, within the PE group, PEDT scores were significantly higher in individuals with the NDBP pattern. A multidisciplinary approach and large-scale prospective studies are necessary to fully elucidate the relationship between PE and the cardiovascular system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1764328791000},"page":"8408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Association Between Premature Ejaculation and Non-Dipper Blood Pressure: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2796-899X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya\u015far","family":"Turan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun 55100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3112-448X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"G\u00fcrel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Afyonkarahisar 03200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-6932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elif","family":"Turan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun 55100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2940-7248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mustafa","family":"Yolcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, \u0130stanbul Yeni Y\u00fczy\u0131l University, \u0130stanbul 34245, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5205-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00fcney","family":"Erdo\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Samsun Education and Research Hospital, Samsun 55100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Karag\u00f6z","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Samsun University, Samsun 55100, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2216-5677","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehmet","family":"Caniklio\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat Bozok University, Yozgat 66200, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"qfaf046","DOI":"10.1093\/sexmed\/qfaf046","article-title":"The effect of a single functional neurology session on thermography of the genital region and sexual function in patients with premature ejaculation","volume":"13","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Crowdis, M., Leslie, S.W., and Nazir, S. (2025). Premature Ejaculation. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2338","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-24-204","article-title":"The correlation between premature ejaculation and a high incidence of erectile dysfunction and its research progress: A narrative review","volume":"13","author":"Min","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Sun, F., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Wang, T., Ma, X., and Wu, J. (2025). Efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A injection in the treatment of premature ejaculation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0315470"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00639-5","article-title":"Current and emerging treatment options for premature ejaculation","volume":"19","author":"Gul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.01181.x","article-title":"Neural regulation of ejaculation","volume":"6","author":"Young","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sex. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soni, K.K., and Jeong, H.S. (2022). Neurons for Ejaculation and Factors Affecting Ejaculation. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050686"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-2025-348","article-title":"Sympathetic hyperactivity in situational delayed ejaculation (intravaginal anejaculation phenotype): A neurophysiological case-control study","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1590\/s1677-5538.ibju.2023.9908","article-title":"Dapoxetine and premature ejaculation","volume":"49","author":"Vieiralves","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Braz. J. Urol. Off. J. Braz. Soc. Urol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.11.024","article-title":"Circadian clock-mediated regulation of blood pressure","volume":"119","author":"Douma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"e42681","article-title":"Effects of Nondipping Blood Pressure Changes: A Nephrologist Prospect","volume":"15","author":"Habas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1097\/MBP.0000000000000389","article-title":"The characteristics of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and its relationship with cardiovascular target organ damage in Chinese Han patients with concomitant type 2 diabetes and hypertension","volume":"24","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Press Monit."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14699","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14699","article-title":"Is heart rate variability a risk factor for premature ejaculation?","volume":"75","author":"Erbay","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13573","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13573","article-title":"The heart rate recovery is impaired in participants with premature ejaculation","volume":"52","author":"Turan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"1931","article-title":"Analysis of orthostatic intolerance symptoms in patients with premature ejaculation","volume":"28","author":"Ozilhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"45","article-title":"The assessment of Turkish validation with 5 question version of International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5)","volume":"33","author":"Turunc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Turk. J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2021.06.007","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health-2021 Update: Male Sexual Dysfunction","volume":"80","author":"Salonia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"qfaf081","DOI":"10.1093\/sexmed\/qfaf081","article-title":"Differential efficacy of pelvic floor muscle training in primary versus acquired premature ejaculation: An 8-week comparative study using non-invasive biomechanical assessment","volume":"13","author":"Lyu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13516","article-title":"Perceived intravaginal ejaculation latency time: The diagnosis of premature ejaculation among Vietnamese men","volume":"12","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/sm2.27","article-title":"An evidence-based unified definition of lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation: Report of the second international society for sexual medicine ad hoc committee for the definition of premature ejaculation","volume":"2","author":"Serefoglu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"e28176","article-title":"Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index: A Novel Predictor for Non-dipper Hypertension","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bai, Y., Chen, F., Long, C., Xing, S., Yang, B., Lu, Y., Zhang, X., Dai, Y., Lu, J., and Zhang, B. (2025). Glans penis electric stimulation modulates cerebral activity and functional connectivity in lifelong premature ejaculation revealed by functional MRI. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03994-6"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12546","article-title":"Physiology and Pharmacology of Ejaculation","volume":"119","author":"Clement","year":"2016","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_122_18","article-title":"Premature ejaculation: An update on definition and pathophysiology","volume":"21","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2105-177","article-title":"Heart rate turbulence measurements in patients with dipper and non-dipper hypertension: The effects of autonomic functions","volume":"51","author":"Alp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/echo.15177","article-title":"Effect of non-dipper pattern on echocardiographic myocardial work parameters in normotensive individuals","volume":"38","author":"Efe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Echocardiography"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.59556\/japi.73.1067","article-title":"Circadian Blood Pressure Profile and Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Prehypertensive Patients and Its Relationship with Urinary Albumin-to-Creatinine Ratio","volume":"73","author":"Pavan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Assoc. Physicians India"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230950","DOI":"10.1590\/1806-9282.20230950","article-title":"Comparison of choroidal thickness and choroidal vascular index in normotensive dippers and nondippers","volume":"70","author":"Baysal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.43","article-title":"Isolated nocturnal hypertension and subclinical target organ damage: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"38","author":"Madden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertens. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Xu, J., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Wu, R., Wang, W., and Gao, C. (2024). Heart rate deceleration and acceleration capacities associated with circadian rhythm of blood pressure in essential hypertension. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-024-03933-9"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s-R\u00edos, J., and Rodriguez-Fernandez, M. (2020). Circadian Rhythm of Blood Pressure of Dipper and Non-dipper Patients with Essential Hypertension: A Mathematical Modeling Approach. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.536146"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"14073","article-title":"P-wave dispersion in patients with premature ejaculation","volume":"97","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Urol. Androl."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/23\/8408\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T11:45:05Z","timestamp":1764330305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/23\/8408"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14238408"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14238408","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]}}}