{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:47:23Z","timestamp":1790916443690,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: We aimed to synthesize paired pre\/post human evidence on how Th17-axis cytokines (IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and related markers) change after non-surgical periodontal therapy (NSPT) by biospecimen (gingival crevicular fluid [GCF], saliva, serum) and time window. Material and methods: We performed a PRISMA-guided systematic review of non-randomized pre\/post cohorts and clinical trials. Databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane) were searched; two reviewers performed selection, data extraction, ROBINS-I risk-of-bias appraisal, and GRADE certainty assessment. Due to heterogeneity in sampling\/assays and incomplete variance reporting, a qualitative direction-of-effect synthesis was prespecified for \u22644 weeks, ~6\u20138 weeks, and ~3\u20136 months. Results: Twelve studies (total n = 897) met inclusion (8 GCF; 5 blood-derived (serum\/plasma) cohorts; one saliva). Most GCF cohorts reported decreases in IL-17A within ~6\u20138 weeks post-NSPT (\u22654 cohorts), with one early 4-week cohort showing a concentration increase but an unchanged total amount due to reduced GCF volume. IL-23 generally declined locally and declined by ~3 months systemically in aggressive periodontitis. Serum IL-17A changes were smaller\/variable (two cohorts reported decreases within 1\u20136 months), and one cohort showed a reduced IL-17A:IL-17E ratio at ~25 weeks. Heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis; we undertook a direction-of-effect synthesis. Conclusions: NSPT is likely associated with the early local down-regulation of Th17-axis activity (notably GCF IL-17A), when systemic signals are smaller and delayed. Given moderate\u2013serious risk of bias and pre-analytical heterogeneity, the certainty of evidence is low to very low; Th17-axis biomarkers are not yet suitable for clinical decision-making.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238424","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T11:19:51Z","timestamp":1764328791000},"page":"8424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cytokine Changes in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Serum After Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Patients with Periodontitis: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Christine J. H.","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0222-9231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Marcelo S.","family":"Figueredo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"},{"name":"Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0089-x","article-title":"The oral microbiota: Dynamic communities and host interactions","volume":"16","author":"Lamont","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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