{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:11:09Z","timestamp":1765260669946,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Project of Chengdu","award":["2024-YF09-00019-SN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-YF09-00019-SN"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan University-Suining University-City Cooperation Special Fund","award":["2024CDSN-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024CDSN-18"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82400084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82400084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Science and Technology Program","award":["2024NSFSC1530","2025ZNSFSC0652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC1530","2025ZNSFSC0652"]}]},{"name":"\u201cQimingxing\u201d Research Fund for Young Talents","award":["HXQMX0112"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HXQMX0112"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) often progress quickly and are associated with a poor prognosis. New noninvasive biomarkers to assist in the classification and prognostication of ILD are needed. Exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), Cavity nitric oxide (CaNO), and carbon monoxide (eCO) are biomarkers of airway inflammation, widely used in respiratory inflammatory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, their value in ILD remains unclear. Objective: To evaluate the potential diagnostic and prognostic value of FeNO, CaNO, and eCO in ILD, and explore their integration into clinical practice. Methods: A total of 237 patients were recruited for the study, including 14 with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), 46 with interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features (IPAF), 19 with mixed connective tissue disease\u2013associated ILD (MCTD-ILD), 65 with polymyositis\/dermatomyositis-associated ILD (PM\/DM-ILD), 17 with rheumatoid arthritis-associated ILD (RA-ILD), 7 with systemic lupus erythematosus-associated ILD (SLE-ILD), 19 with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome-associated ILD (SS-ILD), and 50 with systemic sclerosis-associated ILD (SSc-ILD). Multiple-flow FeNO and eCO analyses were performed in this population. The associations of these biomarkers with pulmonary function, acute exacerbations, and radiologic fibrosis classification were evaluated. Results: Patients with IPF exhibited significantly higher levels of FeNO at 50 mL\/s (FeNO50) compared to those with connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD) and IPAF. Both CaNO and eCO were negatively correlated with pulmonary function parameters, particularly forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated that CaNO is a reliable biomarker for acute exacerbation, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.8887, and a cutoff value of 6.35. Additionally, CaNO &gt; 6.35 was associated with a relative risk (RR) of 12.87 for acute exacerbation (AE) compared to CaNO \u2264 6.35. Moreover, both CaNO and eCO levels were significantly higher in the fibrotic ILD group compared to the non-fibrotic group, with ROC analysis indicating AUCs of 0.7173 for CaNO and 0.6875 for eCO. Conclusions: FeNO, CaNO, and eCO can provide strong support for the early diagnosis and monitoring of ILD, especially with CaNO playing a crucial role in predicting acute exacerbations. Integrating these biomarkers into clinical practice can help doctors more accurately assess the progression of ILD and develop personalized treatment plans, ultimately improving the prognosis of ILD patients. Future research is needed to validate the effectiveness of these biomarkers in clinical management, facilitating their integration as standard tools for clinical monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"8469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["CaNO and eCO Might Be Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers for Disease Severity and Exacerbations in Interstitial Lung Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4695-7964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Integrated Care Management Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linrui","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liangyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qibing","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianqun","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuben","family":"Moodley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Cell Biology Group, Institute for Respiratory Health, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huajing","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9267-3437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fengming","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Pulmonary Immunology and Inflammation, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610200, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, M., Zhou, Y., Yang, X., Zhou, K., and Zhu, X. (2025). Global, regional, and national burden of interstitial lung diseases and pulmonary sarcoidosis from 2000 to 2021: A systematic analysis of incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years. Front. Public Health, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1578480"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, L., Zhou, Y., Jia, Y., Wang, L., Liu, Y., Lv, G., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Ren, J., and Liu, H. (2025). Assessing the global burden of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis using multiple statistical models: Analysis and future projections. BMC Pulm. Med., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-025-03813-8"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(25)00129-8","article-title":"Global epidemiology and burden of interstitial lung disease","volume":"13","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-19-4021","article-title":"The interstitial lung disease spectrum under a uniform diagnostic algorithm: A retrospective study of 1945 individuals","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701554","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01554-2017","article-title":"Spectrum of interstitial lung disease in China from 2000 to 2012","volume":"52","author":"Ban","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.3669","article-title":"Interstitial Lung Disease: A Review","volume":"331","author":"Maher","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryerson, C.J., Adegunsoye, A., Piciucchi, S., Hariri, L.P., Khor, Y.H., Wijsenbeek, M.S., Wells, A.U., Sharma, A., Cooper, W.A., and Antoniou, K. (2025). Update of the International Multidisciplinary Classification of the Interstitial Pneumonias: An ERS\/ATS Statement. Eur. Respir. J., 2500158.","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00158-2025"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2019.92791","article-title":"The value of serum precipitins against specific antigens in patients diagnosed with hypersensitivity pneumonitis\u2014Retrospective study","volume":"44","author":"Szturmowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boros, P.W., Martusewicz-Boros, M.M., and Lewandowska, K.B. (2025). Assessment of lung function and severity grading in interstitial lung diseases (% predicted versus z-scores) and association with survival: A retrospective cohort study of 6808 patients. PLoS Med., 22.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004619"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"205","author":"Raghu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/2397198320970394","article-title":"The role of ultrasound in systemic sclerosis: On the cutting edge to foster clinical and research advancement","volume":"6","author":"Hughes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026004","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/1\/2\/026004","article-title":"Exhaled carbon monoxide as a biomarker of inflammatory lung disease","volume":"1","author":"Ryter","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Breath Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, Y., Yang, L.-L., Ning, G.-L., Teng, X.-B., Shi, J.-F., Cui, S.-S., Cao, Z.-X., Zhang, Y.-B., and Han, M.-F. (2025). Analysis of exhaled nitric oxide and its influencing factors in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1611947"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt158","article-title":"Exhaled carbon monoxide and its associations with smoking, indoor household air pollution and chronic respiratory diseases among 512,000 Chinese adults","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2006.06.013","article-title":"Exhaled CO, a predictor of lung function?","volume":"101","author":"Fabricius","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"00192-2019","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00192-2019","article-title":"Smoking status and second-hand smoke biomarkers in COPD, asthma and healthy controls","volume":"6","author":"Bradicich","year":"2020","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2484","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25192","article-title":"Nitric oxide mediates bleomycin-induced angiogenesis and pulmonary fibrosis via regulation of VEGF","volume":"116","author":"Iyer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016003","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/ac361b","article-title":"Clinical implications of concentration of alveolar nitric oxide in asthmatic and non-asthmatic subacute cough","volume":"16","author":"Zeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Breath. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp23X735813","article-title":"Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO): The future of asthma care?","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S486324","article-title":"Differential Clinical Significance of FENO200 and CANO in Asthma, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and Asthma-COPD Overlap (ACO)","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.56.7418","article-title":"Arterial Carboxyhemoglobin Measurement Is Useful for Evaluating Pulmonary Inflammation in Subjects with Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"56","author":"Hara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameli, P., Bargagli, E., Bergantini, L., d\u2019Alessandro, M., Pieroni, M., Fontana, G.A., Sestini, P., and Refini, R.M. (2020). Extended Exhaled Nitric Oxide Analysis in Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176187"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1255ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"198","author":"Raghu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201604-0801CI","article-title":"Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An International Working Group Report","volume":"194","author":"Collard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600965","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00965-2016","article-title":"A European Respiratory Society technical standard: Exhaled biomarkers in lung disease","volume":"49","author":"Barnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00017-5","article-title":"Early diagnosis of fibrotic interstitial lung disease: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Spagnolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.11.037","article-title":"Pictorial Review of Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease on High-Resolution CT Scan and Updated Classification","volume":"165","author":"Brixey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00034505","article-title":"General considerations for lung function testing","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300370","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00370-2023","article-title":"ERS technical standard: Global Lung Function Initiative reference values for exhaled nitric oxide fraction (F ENO50)","volume":"63","author":"Bowerman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbres.2008.05.005","article-title":"Determining the alveolar component of nitric oxide in exhaled air: Procedures and reference values for healthy persons","volume":"45","author":"Fortuna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Bronconeumol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2003.11.018","article-title":"The measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide in healthy smokers and non-smokers","volume":"98","author":"Deveci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"S5","article-title":"Increased alveolar nitric oxide in early systemic sclerosis","volume":"28","author":"Wuttge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2104003","article-title":"Partitioning of alveolar and conducting airway nitric oxide in scleroderma lung disease","volume":"165","author":"Girgis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2013.07.007","article-title":"Can exhaled nitric oxide differentiate causes of pulmonary fibrosis?","volume":"107","author":"Guilleminault","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aller.2014.11.004","article-title":"A pathophysiological approach for FeNO: A biomarker for asthma","volume":"43","author":"Ricciardolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2014.03.011","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide in interstitial lung diseases","volume":"197","author":"Cameli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"39","article-title":"Exhaled nitric oxide is not increased in pulmonary sarcoidosis","volume":"33","author":"Cameli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty, A., Mastalerz, M., Ansari, M., Schiller, H.B., and Staab-Weijnitz, C.A. (2022). Emerging Roles of Airway Epithelial Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11061050"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210177","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0177-2021","article-title":"Interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features: Challenges and controversies","volume":"30","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.90a.22072","article-title":"Measuring exhaled nitric oxide when diagnosing and managing asthma","volume":"90","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cleve. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42861","article-title":"2023 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)\/American College of Chest Physicians (CHEST) Guideline for the Treatment of Interstitial Lung Disease in People with Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases","volume":"76","author":"Johnson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00129806","article-title":"Severity of scleroderma lung disease is related to alveolar concentration of nitric oxide","volume":"30","author":"Tiev","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.05.001","article-title":"Alveolar concentration of nitric oxide as a prognostic biomarker in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"89","author":"Cameli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cameli, P., Bargagli, E., Bergantini, L., d\u2019Alessandro, M., Giugno, B., Gentili, F., and Sestini, P. (2021). Alveolar Nitric Oxide as a Biomarker of COVID-19 Lung Sequelae: A Pivotal Study. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10091350"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200709-1365OC","article-title":"Computed tomography findings in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"178","author":"Akira","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13682","article-title":"Acute exacerbations of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases","volume":"25","author":"Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.4103\/lungindia.lungindia_11_18","article-title":"Correlation of exhaled carbon monoxide level with disease severity in chronic obstruction pulmonary disease","volume":"35","author":"Ejazi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"PA2988","article-title":"Correlations between lung function, exhaled carbon monoxide and \u201elung age\u201d in smokers versus former smokers with COPD","volume":"50","author":"Trofor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.10.867","article-title":"Increased levels of exhaled carbon monoxide in bronchiectasis: A new marker of oxidative stress","volume":"53","author":"Horvath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.8.668","article-title":"Raised levels of exhaled carbon monoxide are associated with an increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 in airway macrophages in asthma: A new marker of oxidative stress","volume":"53","author":"Donnelly","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.02.010","article-title":"The macrophage heme-heme oxygenase-1 system and its role in inflammation","volume":"153","author":"Vijayan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5673","article-title":"The mononuclear phagocyte system in homeostasis and disease: A role for heme oxygenase-1","volume":"20","author":"Hull","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.1032","article-title":"The Role of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Interleukin-10 in Tissue Fibrosis","volume":"9","author":"Steen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0302-240","article-title":"Heme oxygenase-1 mediates the anti-inflammatory effect of interleukin-10 in mice","volume":"8","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/23\/8469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T05:11:22Z","timestamp":1765257082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/23\/8469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14238469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14238469","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}}}