{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:25:40Z","timestamp":1765211140788,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Unrestricted Grant Gilead","award":["IN-IT-987-5359"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN-IT-987-5359"]}]},{"name":"LEGA-CTM program"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health: Ricerca Corrente, INMI \u201cL. Spallanzani\u201d IRCCS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among men who have sex with men (MSM) is not negligible; however, data from Italy\u2014especially regarding MSM who are not infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)\u2014are limited. We report data from an HCV screening programme targeted at MSM in Rome, starting in 2019 in two hospital settings and in four urban community-based (CB) settings run by non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Methods: Adult MSM (&gt;18 years old) who presented for HIV or sexually transmitted infection testing, or who attended CB activities, were invited to undergo a free-of-charge rapid HCV antibody test (OraQuick HCV\u00ae), after providing informed consent. For all participants, demographic, clinical and behavioural data were collected using an anonymous questionnaire for all participants. Free confirmatory standard serology tests were offered for those found reactive at a rapid HCV test. Individuals with confirmed chronic HCV infection were referred through a dedicated \u201cfast track\u201d pathway for further clinical and laboratory assessment and direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) treatment according to the national treatment guidelines. Results: Between July 2019 and July 2023, 2714 MSM agreed to be screened for HCV infection. The median age was 36 years (interquartile range, IQR = 29\u201346), 91.0% were Italians, 58.0% enrolled in the two clinical centres and 10.7% reported living with HIV (people living with HIV, PLWH). Overall, 9 (0.33%) MSM tested reactive for HCV-specific antibodies using a rapid test. Eight MSM were retested and seven were confirmed to have chronic HCV infection (HCV viremia range: 8 \u00d7 103\u201323 \u00d7 106 IU\/mL). The prevalence of confirmed cases was 0.26% (7\/2714; 95%CI: 0.10\u20130.53) and was higher in PLWH compared to those not reporting HIV infection (1.04% vs. 0.17, p = 0.03). Four of seven confirmed HCV cases attended the STI clinic. All confirmed HCV cases reported high-risk behaviours for HCV infection and\/or history of sexual transmitted infection (STI). Bening a PLWH (OR = 6.30) and current\/former IDU (O = 17.02) resulted in being significantly associated with HCV infection. Other risk factors such as fisting, groupsex, chemsex and condomless anal intercourse were more common in the HCV case (OR &gt; 2), but lacked statistical significance, likely due to small sample size. All seven individuals were linked to care, clinically assessed and started on DAAs treatment, achieving sustained viral response (SVR) in all cases. Conclusions: These data suggest the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a preventive programme targeting MSM living in Rome, combining HCV screening, case finding and prompt linkage to care. HCV prevalence in the screened population was lower than anticipated, although it is significantly higher in PLWH and in those with high-risk behaviours. Considering this condition of low prevalence of HCV infection among MSM in Italy, a targeted screening in PLWH and in individuals with high-risk behaviours may be more effective to achieve HCV eradication than universal screening in MSM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238474","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Low Prevalence of HCV Infection Among MSM in an Intervention for HCV Micro-Elimination in Rome Urges a Focus on High-Risk Behaviours"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7342-0263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluca","family":"Piselli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4523-8261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Giuliani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Farinella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Circolo di Cultura Omosessuale \u201cMario Mieli\u201d APS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6127-0045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozenn","family":"Esvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9421-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Latini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Leserri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Checkpoint Plus Roma, 00182 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Angeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arcigay Roma, 00153 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosario","family":"Galip\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ANLAIDS Lazio APS\u2014Italian National Association for the Fight Against Aids, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6852-6457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Gennaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2097-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Caioli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-3876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Cimaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4350-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Pittalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Orfeo","family":"Bruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Foracappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0924-993X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Meschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4540-1815","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Biliotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Grilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3036-7597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nappo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Genovese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Circolo di Cultura Omosessuale \u201cMario Mieli\u201d APS, 00146 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Rianda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0240-7504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Mazzotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0737-983X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cristaudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Gallicano Dermatological Institute IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8182-5896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Girardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani IRCCS, 00149 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, September 15). 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