{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T12:57:58Z","timestamp":1781355478270,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cervical insufficiency affects 1\u20132% of pregnancies and represents a significant cause of second-trimester loss and spontaneous preterm birth. This review synthesizes current evidence across the clinical spectrum of cervical insufficiency, providing evidence-based management guidance and identifying areas requiring further investigation. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive review of the current literature, evidence-based clinical guidelines, and landmark randomized controlled trials examining diagnostic frameworks, therapeutic interventions, and clinical outcomes across different presentations of cervical insufficiency. Our analysis incorporated data from major obstetric databases, professional society recommendations, and recent comparative effectiveness research. Results: Cervical insufficiency diagnosis encompasses three primary categories: history-based, ultrasound-based, and physical examination-based. Vaginal progesterone achieves a 31% reduction in preterm birth before 33 weeks (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55\u20130.88; NNT= 14). Ultrasound-indicated cerclage achieves a 30% relative risk reduction for delivery &lt;35 weeks. The landmark SuPPoRT trial (n = 386) demonstrated no statistically significant differences among cerclage, pessary, and progesterone (p = 0.4), though formal equivalence trials have not been conducted. Multiple gestations show no benefit from singleton-derived interventions (RR 0.99\u20131.04). Conclusions: Optimal cervical insufficiency management emphasizes individualized approaches based on comprehensive risk stratification and objective cervical assessment, with vaginal progesterone and cervical cerclage serving as cornerstone therapies supported by robust clinical evidence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Spectrum of Cervical Insufficiency: Management Strategies from Asymptomatic Shortening to Emergent Membrane Prolapse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1546-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitris","family":"Baroutis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2951-1778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleni","family":"Katsianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSc in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Fragiskos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Eleni","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MSc in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7662-5400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Koukoumpanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini-Gavriela","family":"Giannakaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0518-3419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander A.","family":"Tzanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4510-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasilios","family":"Pergialiotis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Sindos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7108-211X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2014). 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