{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T06:14:06Z","timestamp":1765260846569,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education for maintenance and development of the research capacity of Wroclaw Medical University"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005982","name":"Wroclaw University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is a great deal of knowledge regarding the development of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy and polyomavirus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis in transplant recipients with active BKPyV infection. However, recent studies have revealed a potential association between BKPyV reactivation and certain malignancies, including transitional cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma, colorectal cancer, and prostate cancer. This study aimed to identify a potential link between BKPyV infection and oncogenic transformation in kidney transplant recipients. Methods: Presentation of a case series of kidney transplant recipients diagnosed with polyomavirus-associated nephropathy who developed neoplasms after transplantation. Results: Positive immunohistochemical reactions confirmed the presence of polyomavirus large T antigen in tissue samples from all three patients\u2019 cancers. Furthermore, a case of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma presenting BKPyV proteins in cancer cells was observed for the first time in the literature. Conclusions: BKPyV reactivation was found to be associated with the development of both urothelial cancer, which originates directly from the BKPyV-infected site, and colorectal cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can BKPyV Infection Affect Neoplasm Transformation Among Kidney Transplant Recipients? A Case Series Study Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1235-3551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Pozna\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Wenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Hospitals, 84-200 Wejherowo, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Augustyniak-Bartosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dagna","family":"Rukasz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Ha\u0142o\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ko\u015bcielska-Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2400-9328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2632-2409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Krajewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroc\u0142aw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(71)91776-4","article-title":"New Human Papovavirus (B.K.) Isolated from Urine After Renal Transplantation","volume":"297","author":"Gardner","year":"1971","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.DMIH2-0010-2015","article-title":"Polyomaviruses","volume":"4","author":"Cook","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2009.02904.x","article-title":"BK Virus in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients","volume":"9","author":"Hirsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa020439","article-title":"Prospective Study of Polyomavirus Type BK Replication and Nephropathy in Renal-Transplant Recipients","volume":"347","author":"Hirsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23453","article-title":"Shedding of Polyomavirus in the Saliva of Immunocompetent Individuals","volume":"85","author":"Robaina","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21923","article-title":"BK Virus Sequences in Specimens from Aborted Fetuses","volume":"82","author":"Boldorini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-8-1967","article-title":"Polyomavirus Persistence in Lymphocytes: Prevalence in Lymphocytes from Blood Donors and Healthy Personnel of a Blood Transfusion Centre","volume":"81","author":"Dolei","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00920207","article-title":"BK Virus Nephropathy and Kidney Transplantation","volume":"2","author":"Bohl","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1079","article-title":"Presence and Incidence of DNA Sequences of Human Polyomaviruses BKV and JCV in Colorectal Tumor Tissues","volume":"25","author":"Casini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00427-y","article-title":"Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and the Spectrum of JC Virus-Related Disease","volume":"17","author":"Cortese","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.20429","article-title":"Polyoma Virus Infection Is a Prominent Risk Factor for Bladder Carcinoma in Immunocompetent Individuals","volume":"34","author":"Weinreb","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"149","article-title":"Human BKV Large T Genome Detection in Prostate Cancer and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Tissue Samples by Nested PCR: A Case-Control Study","volume":"12","author":"Tavassoli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2024.151494","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cancer in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"44","author":"Noel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604711","article-title":"Polyoma Virus Infection and Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder Following Renal Transplantation","volume":"99","author":"Roberts","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.02.004","article-title":"BK Virus and Human Cancer: Innocent until Proven Guilty","volume":"19","author":"Abend","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3062.2005.00109.x","article-title":"Malignant Melanoma in a Patient with Polyomavirus-BK-Associated Nephropathy","volume":"7","author":"Rybka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Transpl. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21579","article-title":"Decoy Cells and Malignant Cells Coexisting in the Urine from a Transplant Recipient with BK Virus Nephropathy and Bladder Adenocarcinoma","volume":"39","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3689","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.15557","article-title":"Prevalence of DNA of Fourteen Human Polyomaviruses Determined in Blood Donors","volume":"59","author":"Kamminga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamminga, S., van der Meijden, E., Feltkamp, M.C.W., and Zaaijer, H.L. (2018). Seroprevalence of Fourteen Human Polyomaviruses Determined in Blood Donors. PLoS ONE, 13.","key":"ref_19","DOI":"10.1101\/357350"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1160","article-title":"Sirolimus and Other Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Inhibitors Directly Activate Latent Pathogenic Human Polyomavirus Replication","volume":"224","author":"Kwun","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, A., Park, S., Han, A., Ha, J., Park, J.B., Lee, K.W., and Min, S. (2024). A Comparative Analysis of Clinical Outcomes between Conversion to MTOR Inhibitor and Calcineurin Inhibitor Reduction in Managing BK Viremia among Kidney Transplant Patients. Sci. Rep., 14.","key":"ref_21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60695-2"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00777-2","article-title":"Everolimus for BKV Nephropathy in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective, Controlled Study","volume":"34","author":"Bussalino","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004976","article-title":"The Second International Consensus Guidelines on the Management of BK Polyomavirus in Kidney Transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Kotton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00450.x","article-title":"Cancer after Kidney Transplantation in the United States","volume":"4","author":"Kasiske","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2823","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2823","article-title":"Cancer Incidence before and after Kidney Transplantation","volume":"296","author":"Vajdic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.14191","article-title":"BK Polyomavirus Genomic Integration and Large T Antigen Expression: Evolving Paradigms in Human Oncogenesis","volume":"17","author":"Kenan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4584","article-title":"The Oncogenic Potential of BK-polyomavirus Is Linked to Viral Integration into the Human Genome","volume":"237","author":"Kenan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2024.200298","article-title":"JC Virus Small Tumor Antigen Promotes S Phase Entry and Cell Cycle Progression","volume":"18","author":"Biffi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Tumour Virus Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.12.015","article-title":"Human Polyomaviruses in Disease and Cancer","volume":"437","author":"Dalianis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.02.001","article-title":"Murine Polyomavirus Tumour Specific Transplantation Antigens and Viral Persistence in Relation to the Immune Response, and Tumour Development","volume":"19","author":"Ramqvist","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e558s","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2018\/e558s","article-title":"Human Polyomaviruses and Cancer: An Overview","volume":"73","author":"Prado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3046.2007.00855.x","article-title":"Collecting Duct Carcinoma Arising in Association with Bk Nephropathy Post-Transplantation in a Pediatric Patient. a Case Report with Immunohistochemical and in Situ Hybridization Study","volume":"12","author":"Emerson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Transpl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1159\/000341917","article-title":"Renal Cell Carcinoma in the Allograft: What Is the Role of Polyomavirus","volume":"2","author":"Neirynck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Case Rep. Nephrol. Urol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23559","article-title":"Potential Relationship between BK Virus and Renal Cell Carcinoma","volume":"85","author":"Bulut","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28043","article-title":"Cumulative Incidence of Cancer after Solid Organ Transplantation","volume":"119","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9896(199702)181:2<136::AID-PATH766>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Mutation of the P53 Tumour Suppressor Gene Occurs Preferentially in the Chromophobe Type of Renal Cell Tumour","volume":"181","author":"Contractor","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.6.1499","article-title":"Prevalence of JC and BK Viruses in Patients with Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"21","author":"Shoraka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2043","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2043","article-title":"Investigation of Epstein\u2013Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus, Human Herpesvirus 6, and Polyoma Viruses (JC Virus, BK Virus) among Gastric Cancer Patients: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"7","author":"Soltani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2024.155521","article-title":"Association of Polyomavirus Infection with Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"262","author":"Saadh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-025-00644-4","article-title":"Polyomaviruses and the Risk of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Mousavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Agents Cancer"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mousavi, T., Shokoohy, F., and Moosazadeh, M. (2024). Polyomaviruses and the Risk of Oral Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BMC Oral Health, 24.","key":"ref_41","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05330-2"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/23\/8550\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T05:16:11Z","timestamp":1765257371000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/23\/8550"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14238550"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14238550","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2077-0383"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]]}}}