{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T19:55:02Z","timestamp":1778356502847,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764806400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"program of the Minister of Science entitled \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d","award":["RID\/SP\/0027\/2024\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RID\/SP\/0027\/2024\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The relationship between sagittal malocclusion, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), and musculoskeletal pain remains uncertain. Methods: Cross-sectional study (April 2020\u2013August 2021) in Ma\u0142opolska, Poland. Ninety participants (ages 19\u201335) were classified into Angle Classes I\u2013III (n = 30 each) and examined using RDC\/TMD (Axis I\/II). A proprietary, nonvalidated, piloted whole-body pain-map questionnaire, presented in anterior and posterior views and subdividing the body into predefined craniofacial, spinal, and limb regions, was used to capture pain presence, Numerical Rating Scale (NRS, 0\u201310) scores by region, and the total number of painful sites. Group differences were analyzed using \u03c72 and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests with corresponding effect sizes (measures of association strength). For NRS outcomes, a minimal clinically important difference (MCID)\u2014defined as the smallest difference in NRS considered clinically relevant\u2014was prespecified as approximately 1 point. Results: Occlusal class was not associated with TMD Axis I prevalence. However, sagittal malocclusion\u2014particularly Class III\u2014was linked to a less favorable pain profile. Left temporal pain was more frequent in Class III than in Classes I\u2013II (p = 0.024, Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V = 0.31, medium effect), and cervical spine pain occurred more often in malocclusion groups than in Class I (p = 0.043, Cram\u00e9r\u2019s V = 0.26, small effect), indicating statistically significant associations. Cervical pain intensity was higher in Classes II\u2013III than in Class I, with a pooled mean difference\u2014defined as the difference in mean NRS between the combined Classes II\u2013III and Class I\u2014of 1.23 NRS points (95% CI 0.38\u20132.08), exceeding the \u22481-point MCID and suggesting a clinically important burden. The total number of painful sites was also greater in Class III than in Class I (p = 0.023, \u03b72 = 0.09; \u0394 = 1.40 sites, 95% CI 0.39\u20132.41), which indicates a statistically significant association with a medium effect size and a higher overall pain burden. Conclusions: Sagittal occlusal class was not associated with TMD diagnosis, but malocclusion\u2014especially Class III\u2014was associated with a more unfavorable craniofacial pain pattern and higher cervical pain burden (p \u2264 0.05), with effects of potential clinical relevance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Associations Between Anteroposterior Occlusal Class, Musculoskeletal Pain Patterns, and Temporomandibular Disorders in Young Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7292-3248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Nowak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiotherapy and Manual Therapy, Collegium Medicum, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Golec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education in Krakow, 31-571 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"Golec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, 30-705 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2506-7394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneta","family":"Wieczorek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics and Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/ors.12473","article-title":"Temporomandibular disorders: A review of current concepts in aetiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"13","author":"Kapos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2020.05.002","article-title":"Orofacial pain, the 12th specialty: The necessity","volume":"151","author":"Heir","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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