{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:17:03Z","timestamp":1788481023079,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of imaging during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can improve the outcomes by giving key information in every phase of the procedure. It can improve the knowledge of plaque composition thus helping the subsequent technical strategy; it can precisely define the measure of the stent to implant; it can assess in detail the correct positioning of the stent (apposition, expansion, and full coverage of the atherosclerotic plaque); it helps in recognizing the complications that may occur after stenting (e.g., edge dissection or tissue\/thrombus protrusion in the stent area). Further, it could help evaluation for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of angiographic unknown or questionable findings [e.g., spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), characterization of mycotic aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm]. In the follow up phase, the use of intracoronary imaging may significantly improve the understanding of the mechanisms leading to the procedural failure. What this review adds is to describe the similarities and differences between intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) technologies, to highlight the evidence supporting their utility to improve PCI outcomes, to give practical advice and tools on daily interventional routine, to show a point of view on future perspectives and integration with artificial intelligence (AI).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modern Imaging Techniques for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Guidance: A Focus on Intravascular Ultrasound and Optical Coherence Tomography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8429-1619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Scalia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1979-3130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Squillace","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2451-4626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Popolo Rubbio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3605-505X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Poletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HartCentrum, Ziekenhuis Netwerk Antwerpen (ZNA) Middelheim, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1696-7053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Agnello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0810-6032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Sisinni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6651-0041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bedogni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4903-5437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Barbanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Umberto I Hospital, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4687-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31957-8","article-title":"Intravascular imaging in coronary artery disease","volume":"390","author":"Mintz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2017.09.008","article-title":"IVUS-Guided Versus OCT-Guided Coronary Stent Implantation: A Critical Appraisal","volume":"10","author":"Maehara","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.08.027","article-title":"Use of IVUS Reduces Stent Thrombosis: Results from the Prospective, multicenter ADAPT-DES Study","volume":"60","author":"Witzenbichler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.117.006243","article-title":"Relationship Between Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance and Clinical Outcomes After Drug-Eluting Stents","volume":"11","author":"Maehara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2013.12.043","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of Outcomes After Intravascular Ultrasound\u2014Guided Versus Angiography-Guided Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in 26,503 Patients Enrolled in Three Randomized Trials and 14 Observational Studies","volume":"113","author":"Ahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.10.001","article-title":"3\u2014Year Outcomes of the ULTIMATE Trial Comparing Intravascular Ultrasound Versus Angiography-Guided Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.013","article-title":"Intravascular Ultrasound Versus Angiography-Guided Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: The ULTIMATE Trial","volume":"72","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.15454","article-title":"IVUS-XPL Investigators. Effect of Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided vs Angiography-Guided Everolimus-Eluting Stent Implantation: The IVUS-XPL Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"314","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.09.033","article-title":"Effect of Intravascular Ultrasound\u2013Guided Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation: 5-Year Follow-Up of the IVUS-XPL Randomized Trial","volume":"13","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2020.04.052","article-title":"Long-Term Outcomes of Coronary Stenting with and Without Use of Intravascular Ultrasound","volume":"13","author":"Mentias","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2023.07.043","article-title":"Complete Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization in Acute Coronary Syndromes with Multivessel Coronary Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Faro","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.01.227","article-title":"Impact of Intravascular Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention on Long-Term Clinical Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Complex Procedures","volume":"12","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2216607","article-title":"for the RENOVATE-COMPLEX-PCI Investigators. Intravascular Imaging\u2013Guided or Angiography-Guided Complex PCI","volume":"388","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV8I7A125","article-title":"Angiography alone versus angiography plus optical coherence tomography to guide decision-making during percutaneous coronary intervention: The Centro per la Lotta contro l\u2019Infarto-Optimisation of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (CLI-OPCI) study","volume":"8","author":"Prati","year":"2012","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024393","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography to optimize results of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: Results of the multicenter, randomized DOCTORS (Does Optical Coherence Tomography Optimize Results of Stenting) study","volume":"134","author":"Meneveau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"641","article-title":"Online Co-Registration of IVUS and OCT","volume":"69","author":"McInerney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Minerva Cardiol. Angiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-020-01739-1","article-title":"Impact of real-time angiographic co-registered optical coherence tomography on percutaneous coronary intervention: The OPTICO-integration II trial","volume":"110","author":"Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-00276","article-title":"Acute and one-year clinical outcomes of pre-stenting intravascular ultrasound: A patient-level meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02454-6","article-title":"Intravascular imaging-guided coronary drug-eluting stent implantation: An updated network meta-analysis","volume":"403","author":"Stone","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2019.09.034","article-title":"Fractional Flow Reserve or Optical Coherence Tomography to Guide Management of Angiographically Intermediate Coronary Stenosis: A Single-Center Trial","volume":"13","author":"Burzotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae290","article-title":"Fractional flow reserve or optical coherence tomography for angiographically intermediate coronary stenoses: 5-year outcomes in the FORZA trial","volume":"45","author":"Burzotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2023.2910","article-title":"Fractional Flow Reserve\u2013Negative High-Risk Plaques and Clinical Outcomes After Myocardial Infarction","volume":"8","author":"Mol","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00413-6","article-title":"Preventive percutaneous coronary intervention versus optimal medical therapy alone for the treatment of vulnerable atherosclerotic coronary plaques (PREVENT): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"403","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"846","article-title":"The Myth of \u201cThe Vulnerable Plaque\u201d: Transitioning from a Focus on Individual Lesions to Atherosclerotic Disease Burden for Coronary Artery Disease Risk Assessment","volume":"65","author":"Fuster","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000317","article-title":"Atherosclerotic Plaque Healing","volume":"383","author":"Vergallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.0275","article-title":"Coronary Atherosclerotic Phenotype and Plaque Healing in Patients with Recurrent Acute Coronary Syndromes Compared with Patients with Long-term Clinical Stability. An In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Study","volume":"4","author":"Vergallo","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2077","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy101","article-title":"In vivo predictors of plaque erosion in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A clinical, angiographical, and intravascular optical coherence tomography study","volume":"39","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000029927.92825.F6","article-title":"Characterization of human atherosclerosis by optical coherence tomography","volume":"106","author":"Yabushita","year":"2002","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-00089","article-title":"Intracoronary optical coherence tomography: State of the art and future directions","volume":"17","author":"Ziad","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz520","article-title":"Relationship between coronary plaque morphology of the left anterior descending artery and 12 months clinical outcome: The CLIMA study","volume":"41","author":"Prati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.07.047","article-title":"Pancoronary Plaque Characteristics in STEMI Caused by Culprit Plaque Erosion Versus Rupture: 3-Vessel OCT Study","volume":"14","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00249-X","article-title":"Identification of vulnerable plaques and patients by intracoronary near-infrared spectroscopy and ultrasound (PROSPECT II): A prospective natural history study","volume":"397","author":"Erlinge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2020.08.030","article-title":"NIRS-IVUS for Differentiating Coronary Plaque Rupture, Erosion, and Calcified Nodule in Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"14","author":"Terada","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV16I5A65","article-title":"OCT-derived coronary calcified nodules as a predictor of high-risk patients","volume":"16","author":"Akasaka","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"20","article-title":"Clinical impact of calcified nodules in patients with heavily calcified lesions requiring rotational atherectomy","volume":"97","author":"Krajcer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.11.005","article-title":"Cardiac outcomes in patients with acute coronary syndrome attributable to calcified nodule","volume":"318","author":"Sugane","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atheroscler"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-19-01120","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of calcified nodules detected by optical coherence tomography: A sub-analysis of the CLIMA study","volume":"16","author":"Prati","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.12.066","article-title":"Stent underexpansion and residual reference segment stenosis are related to stent thrombosis after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: An intravascular ultrasound study","volume":"45","author":"Fujii","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1845","article-title":"Ischemic outcomes after coronary intervention of calcified vessels in acute coronary syndromes. Pooled analysis from the horizons-ami (harmonizing outcomes with revascularization and stents in acute myocardial infarction) and acuity (acute catheterization and urgent intervention triage strategy) trials","volume":"63","author":"Madhavan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.02.003","article-title":"Intravascular imaging of coronary calcification and its clinical implications","volume":"8","author":"Mintz","year":"2015","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"187","article-title":"Impact of calcification on percutaneous coronary intervention: MACE-Trial 1-year results","volume":"94","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"8","article-title":"In Vivo Calcium Detection by Comparing Optical Coherence Tomography, Intravascular Ultrasound, and Angiography","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2182","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-17-00962","article-title":"A new optical coherence tomography-based calcium scoring system to predict stent underexpansion","volume":"13","author":"Fujino","year":"2018","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carrev.2020.04.016","article-title":"Intravascular Imaging to Guide Lithotripsy in Concentric and Eccentric Calcific Coronary Lesions","volume":"21","author":"Mattesini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Revasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"108","article-title":"Breaking the deadlock of calcified coronary artery lesions: A contemporary review","volume":"97","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3281","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy285","article-title":"Clinical use of intracoronary imaging. Part 1: Guidance and optimization of coronary interventions. An expert consensus document of the European association of percutaneous cardiovascular interventions","volume":"39","author":"Mintz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31922-5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography compared with intravascular ultrasound and with angiography to guide coronary stent implantation (ILUMIEN III: OPTIMIZE PCI): A randomised controlled trial","volume":"388","author":"Ali","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2305861","article-title":"Phil Optical Coherence Tomography\u2013Guided versus Angiography-Guided PCI","volume":"389","author":"Ziad","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2012.09.017","article-title":"A prospective, randomized trial of intravascular-ultrasound guided compared to angiography guided stent implantation in complex coronary lesions: The AVIO trial","volume":"165","author":"Chieffo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2307770","article-title":"OCT or Angiography Guidance for PCI in Complex Bifurcation Lesions","volume":"389","author":"Holm","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066429","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography-Guided or Intravascular Ultrasound Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: The OCTIVUS Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"148","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01454-5","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography-guided versus angiography-guided percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with complex lesions (OCCUPI): An investigator-initiated, multicentre, randomised, open-label, superiority trial in South Korea","volume":"404","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJV7I3A59","article-title":"Tissue characterisation of atherosclerotic plaque in the left main: An in vivo intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis","volume":"7","author":"Mercado","year":"2011","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.109.906016","article-title":"Intravascular ultrasound classification of plaque distribution in left main coronary artery bifurcations: Where is the plaque really located?","volume":"3","author":"Oviedo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e467","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-18-00194","article-title":"Banning Intravascular ultrasound in the evaluation and treatment of left main coronary artery disease: A consensus statement from the European Bifurcation Club","volume":"14","author":"Mintz","year":"2018","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Y., Yang, M., Zhang, S., and Zeng, Y. (2017). Percutaneous coronary intervention in left main coronary artery disease with or without intravascular ultrasound: A meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179756"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004813","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.116.004813","article-title":"Intravascular Ultrasound Guidance Is Associated with Better Outcome in Patients Undergoing Unprotected Left Main Coronary Artery Stenting Compared with Angiography Guidance Alone","volume":"10","author":"Andell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-19-01057","article-title":"Outcomes of predefined optimisation criteria for intravascular ultrasound guidance of left main stenting","volume":"16","author":"Camarero","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-19-01003","article-title":"Intravascular ultrasound to guide left main stem intervention: A NOBLE trial substudy","volume":"16","author":"Ladwiniec","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(17)34352-8","article-title":"Impact of final minimal stent area by IVUS on 3-year outcome after PCI of left main coronary artery disease: The EXCEL trial","volume":"69","author":"Maehara","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-01121","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography to guide percutaneous coronary intervention of the left main coronary artery: The LEMON study","volume":"17","author":"Amabile","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)00006-5","article-title":"Does the specific intravascular ultrasound criterion used to optimize stent expansion have an impact on the probability of stent restenosis?","volume":"83","author":"Moussa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.111.964643","article-title":"Comprehensive intravascular ultrasound assessment of stent area and its impact on restenosis and adverse cardiac events in 403 patients with unprotected left main disease","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2009.10.005","article-title":"Impact of post-intervention minimal stent area on 9-month follow-up patency of paclitaxel-eluting stents: An integrated intravascular ultrasound analysis from the TAXUS IV, V, and VI and TAXUS ATLAS Workhorse, Long Lesion, and Direct Stent Trials","volume":"2","author":"Doi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2009.01.011","article-title":"A volumetric intravascular ultrasound comparison of early drugeluting stent thrombosis versus restenosis","volume":"5","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-017-1106-2","article-title":"Neoatherosclerosis assessed with optical coherence tomography in restenotic bare metal and first- and second-generation drug-eluting stents","volume":"33","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.01.011","article-title":"The pathology of neoatherosclerosis in human coronary implants bare-metal and drug-eluting stents","volume":"57","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-18-01191","article-title":"In-stent restenosis characteristics and repeat stenting underexpansion: Insights from optical coherence tomography","volume":"16","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"873","article-title":"Intravascular ultrasound assessment of optimal stent area to prevent in-stent restenosis after zotarolimus-, everolimus-, and sirolimus-eluting stent implantation","volume":"83","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2015.08.013","article-title":"Clinical Impact of OCT Findings During PCI: The CLI-OPCI II Study","volume":"8","author":"Prati","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2013.04.014","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography compared to intravascular ultrasound in coronary lesion assessment study: OPUS-CLASS study","volume":"6","author":"Kubo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.906040","article-title":"Incidence, mechanisms, predictors, and clinical impact of acute and late stent malapposition after primary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction: An intravascular ultrasound substudy of the Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial","volume":"122","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"388","article-title":"Prevalence and anatomical features of acute longitudinal stent deformation: An intravascular ultrasound study","volume":"84","author":"Inaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4701.098069","article-title":"Visualization of tissue prolapse between coronary stent struts by optical coherence tomography: Comparison with intravascular ultrasound","volume":"104","author":"Jang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.014704","article-title":"Incidence and clinical significance of poststent optical coherence tomography findings: One-year follow-up study from a multicenter registry","volume":"132","author":"Soeda","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.959791","article-title":"Intravascular ultrasound findings of early stent thrombosis after primary percutaneous intervention in acute myocardial infarction: A Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) substudy","volume":"4","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.12.054","article-title":"Kastrati 5-year prognostic value of no-reflow phenomenon after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"55","author":"Ndrepepa","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2009.03.054","article-title":"Myocardial no-reflow in humans","volume":"54","author":"Niccoli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2018.03.021","article-title":"A randomized study of distal filter protection versus conventional treatment during percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with attenuated plaque identified by intravascular ultrasound","volume":"11","author":"Hibi","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s11239-018-1697-z","article-title":"The utility of total lipid core burden index\/maximal lipid core burden index ratio within the culprit plaque to predict filter-no reflow: Insight from near-infrared spectroscopy with intravascular ultrasound","volume":"46","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Thrombolysis"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1253\/circj.CJ-23-0266","article-title":"Prediction of Slow-Flow Phenomenon After Stent Implantation Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Patients with Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Suzuki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-00202","article-title":"Detection of cholesterol crystals by optical coherence tomography","volume":"16","author":"Jinnouchi","year":"2020","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_83","first-page":"100953","article-title":"No-reflow phenomenon and in vivo cholesterol crystals combined with lipid core in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"38","author":"Katayama","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol. Heart Vasc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.10.010","article-title":"An integrated TAXUS IV, V, and VI intravascular ultrasound analysis of the predictors of edge restenosis after bare metal or paclitaxel-eluting stents","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2013.03.019","article-title":"Incidence, predictors, morphological characteristics, and clinical outcomes of stent edge dissection detected by optical coherence tomography","volume":"6","author":"Bezerra","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.12.088","article-title":"Co-registration of optical coherence tomography and X-ray angiography in percutaneous coronary intervention. The does optical coherence tomography optimize revascularization (DOCTOR) fusion study","volume":"182","author":"Hebsgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.053","article-title":"Impact of stent deployment procedural factors on long-term effectiveness and safety of sirolimuseluting stents (results of the multicenter prospective STLLR trial)","volume":"101","author":"Costa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"411","article-title":"A prospective, single-center, randomized study to assess whether automated coregistration of optical coherence tomography with angiography can reduce geographic miss","volume":"93","author":"Koyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.08.002","article-title":"Trends and Outcomes of Restenosis After Coronary Stent Implantation in the United States","volume":"76","author":"Moussa","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.940320","article-title":"Mechanisms of in-stent restenosis after drug-eluting stent implantation: Intravascular ultrasound analysis","volume":"4","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1872","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.18.1872","article-title":"Angiographic patterns of in-stent restenosis: Classification and implications for long-term outcome","volume":"100","author":"Mehran","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1351","article-title":"Mechanisms and Patterns of Intravascular Ultrasound In-Stent Restenosis Among Bare Metal Stents and First- and Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stents","volume":"116","author":"Goto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv205","article-title":"Neoatherosclerosis: Overview of histopathologic findings and implications for intravascular imaging assessment","volume":"36","author":"Otsuka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2011.09.015","article-title":"Ex vivo assessment of vascular response to coronary stents by optical frequency domain imaging","volume":"5","author":"Nakano","year":"2012","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2014.05.004","article-title":"Long-term outcomes of neointimal hyperplasia without neoatherosclerosis after drug-luting stent implantation","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-020-01956-9","article-title":"Validation and application of OCT tissue attenuation index for the detection of neointimal foam cells","volume":"37","author":"Nicol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2010.07.031","article-title":"Tissue characterization of in-stent neointima using intravascular ultrasound radiofrequency data analysis","volume":"106","author":"Kang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa575","article-title":"2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation","volume":"42","author":"Collet","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"263","article-title":"Prevalence of spontaneous coronary artery dissection in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Nishiguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.05.055","article-title":"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection associated with pregnancy","volume":"70","author":"Tweet","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.05.084","article-title":"Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"76","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Coronary angiogram classification of spontaneous coronary artery dissection","volume":"84","author":"Saw","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catheter. Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.01.015","article-title":"Spontaneous coronary artery dissection: Pathophysiological insights from optical coherence tomography","volume":"12","author":"Jackson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-7120-6-24","article-title":"The role of intravascular ultrasound in the management of spontaneous coronary artery dissection","volume":"6","author":"Arnold","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.082","article-title":"Diagnosis of Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection by Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"59","author":"Alfonso","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-20-01355","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and optical coherence tomography for the automatic characterisation of human atherosclerotic plaques","volume":"17","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjdh\/ztaf005","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for the analysis of intracoronary optical coherence tomography images: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Volleberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw097","article-title":"Hybrid intravascular imaging: Recent advances, technical considerations, and current applications in the study of plaque pathophysiology","volume":"38","author":"Bourantas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2024.07.007","article-title":"Emerging Hybrid Intracoronary Imaging Technologies and Their Applications in Clinical Practice and Research","volume":"17","author":"Tufaro","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Interv."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Moon, S., Jiang, Y., Qiu, S., and Chen, Z. (2022). Intravascular polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography based on polarization mode delay. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10709-8"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.06.015","article-title":"Intravascular Polarimetry in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"13","author":"Otsuka","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Teng, X., Yu, S., Yang, W., Kong, T., and Liu, T. (2024). Recent Advances in Photoacoustic Imaging: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Micromachines, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi15081007"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:46:19Z","timestamp":1765212379000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14248627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14248627","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}}}