{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1789621039055,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Effective pain management following upper abdominal surgery, particularly in the area between the lower costal margin and the umbilicus, remains a clinical challenge. The sixth to eleventh intercostal nerves provide sensory innervation not only to this area but also to the area directly below the umbilicus, and various regional anaesthesia techniques have been described to block these nerves and reduce postoperative pain. Over the past decade, several approaches have emerged that target these nerves within the relatively confined anatomical space between the anterior axillary line and the midline. This review explores the various techniques employed to block the lower intercostal nerves, focusing on the anatomical, sonographic, and technical considerations of each technique. Traditional and contemporary approaches to providing analgesia to the upper abdominal wall will be discussed. An understanding of the differences and\/or similarities of the sono-anatomy of the target fascial planes is crucial for success when performing these blocks. Further research to identify the most effective and reliable regional techniques for upper abdominal surgery is still needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Analgesia for Upper Abdominal Surgery, a Scoping Review of the Current Fascial Plane Block Techniques"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5745-2169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria T.","family":"Fernandez Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Rio Hortega University Hospital, 47012 Valladolid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward R.","family":"Mariano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3015-285X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis F.","family":"Valdes-Vilches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Costa del Sol Hospital, 29603 Marbella, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Servando","family":"Lopez Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, Abente y Lago Hospital, 15006 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nabil","family":"Elkassabany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, 1215 Lee Road, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1136\/rapm-2021-103083","article-title":"A multisociety organizational consensus process to define guiding principles for acute perioperative pain management","volume":"47","author":"Mariano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reg. 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Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8632\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:47:01Z","timestamp":1765212421000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8632"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14248632"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14248632","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]]}}}