{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T13:58:50Z","timestamp":1788962330214,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Markiewicz Clinic"},{"name":"Diamante Clinica"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The accurate and prosthetically driven placement of dental implants is crucial for long-term clinical success. While computer-aided static navigation enhances precision, the comparative accuracy of different surgical guide support types (teeth-, mucosa-, and bone-supported) under identical clinical conditions remains a critical and less explored variable. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of these three guide types. Methods: This clinical study evaluated the precision of computer-aided implant placement by comparing planned versus actual implant positions in fifty participants who received 140 implants. Discrepancies were measured in 3D using STL files in Exocad\u00ae DentalCAD software (exocad Elefsina 3.2, Darmstadt, Germany). Results: In the maxilla, mean total deviation was 0.443 mm at the implant neck and 0.562 mm at the apex. In the mandible, deviations were higher: 0.755 mm at the neck and 0.981 mm at the apex. Teeth-supported guides demonstrated the highest accuracy. Mucosa-supported guides showed the least precision, particularly in the mandible, while bone-supported guides provided clinically acceptable results. Conclusions: Computer-aided static navigation is highly accurate for implant placement. Guide selection should be tailored to anatomical conditions, with bone-supported guides preferred for edentulous mandibles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Accuracy of Computer-Guided Dental Implant Placement: A Clinical Comparison of Three Surgical Guide Types"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8932-6338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marek","family":"Markiewicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Markiewicz Clinic, Szymanowskiego 2, 80-280 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9540-9814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Nowicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diamante Clinica Dental Clinic, Sportowa 48 A\/C, 59-300 Lubin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e858","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.858","article-title":"Quantitative and Qualitative 3D Analysis of Mandibular Lingual Concavities: Implications for Dental Implant Planning in the Posterior Mandible","volume":"10","author":"Alqutaibi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e3181752f61","article-title":"Implant Surgery Complications: Etiology and Treatment","volume":"17","author":"Misch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-09-00059","article-title":"Inferior Alveolar Nerve Injury in Implant Dentistry: Diagnosis, Causes, Prevention, and Management","volume":"36","author":"Alhassani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Oral Implantol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2007.01453.x","article-title":"A Systematic Review of the 5-Year Survival and Complication Rates of Implant-Supported Single Crowns","volume":"19","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1718791","article-title":"Assessment of Deviations of Implants Installed with Prototyped Surgical Guide and Conventional Guide: In Vitro Study","volume":"17","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.2006.00084.x","article-title":"Use of Stereolithographic Templates for Surgical and Prosthodontic Implant Planning and Placement. Part II. A Clinical Report","volume":"15","author":"Lal","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Prosthodont. Off. J. Am. Coll. Prosthodont."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e31818c6a50","article-title":"Implant Placement Accuracy When Using Stereolithographic Template as a Surgical Guide: Preliminary Results","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Implant Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2014.04.001","article-title":"Software Tools and Surgical Guides in Dental-Implant-Guided Surgery","volume":"58","author":"Mora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dent. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques-Guasch, J., Bofarull-Ball\u00fas, A., Giralt-Hernando, M., Hern\u00e1ndez-Alfaro, F., and Gargallo-Albiol, J. (2023). Dynamic Implant Surgery-An Accurate Alternative to Stereolithographic Guides-Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dent. J., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/dj11060150"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.12949","article-title":"Comparison of the Accuracy of Implant Position for Two-Implants Supported Fixed Dental Prosthesis Using Static and Dynamic Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"22","author":"Yimarj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13435","article-title":"The Accuracy of Static vs. Dynamic Computer-Assisted Implant Surgery in Single Tooth Space: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"30","author":"Kaewsiri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1111\/cid.13134","article-title":"Immediate Flapless Full-Arch Rehabilitation of Edentulous Jaws on 4 or 6 Implants According to the Prosthetic-Driven Planning and Guided Implant Surgery: A Retrospective Study on Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes up to 10 Years of Follow-Up","volume":"24","author":"Pranno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04793-3","article-title":"Comparison between Flapless-Guided and Conventional Surgery for Implant Placement: A 12-Month Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Nomiyama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naeini, E.N., De Bruyn, H., Bronkhorst, E.M., and D\u2019haese, J. (2023). Long-Term Effect of Guided Implant Surgery on Clinical Outcomes and Peri-Implantitis of Maxillary Implants-An Observational Cohort Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134432"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1109\/42.870668","article-title":"A Modular Software System for Computer-Aided Surgery and Its First Application in Oral Implantology","volume":"19","author":"Birkfellner","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900701401718","article-title":"Computer-Aided Oral Implantology: Methods and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Xiaojun","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8208.2010.00275.x","article-title":"Accuracy and Complications Using Computer-Designed Stereolithographic Surgical Guides for Oral Rehabilitation by Means of Dental Implants: A Review of the Literature","volume":"14","author":"Komiyama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Implant Dent. Relat. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2010.01957.x","article-title":"Implant Surgery Using Bone- and Mucosa-Supported Stereolithographic Guides in Totally Edentulous Jaws: Surgical and Post-Operative Outcomes of Computer-Aided vs. Standard Techniques","volume":"21","author":"Arisan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12257","article-title":"An RCT Comparing Patient-Centred Outcome Variables of Guided Surgery (Bone or Mucosa Supported) with Conventional Implant Placement","volume":"41","author":"Vercruyssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.13346","article-title":"The Accuracy of Static Computer-Aided Implant Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Tahmaseb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1809","article-title":"Accuracy of Mucosa Supported Guided Dental Implant Surgery","volume":"6","author":"Jones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advantages and Disadvantages of Implant Navigation Surgery. A Systematic Review","volume":"225","author":"Barootchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anat. Anat. Anzeiger  Off. Organ. Anat. Ges."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12583","article-title":"Accuracy and Patient-Centered Outcome Variables in Guided Implant Surgery: A RCT Comparing Immediate with Delayed Loading","volume":"27","author":"Vercruyssen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.6585","article-title":"Accuracy of Implant Placement with a Navigation System, a Laboratory Guide, and Freehand Drilling","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Implants"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01153.x","article-title":"Accuracy of Navigation-Guided Socket Drilling before Implant Installation Compared to the Conventional Free-Hand Method in a Synthetic Edentulous Lower Jaw Model","volume":"16","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2009.01788.x","article-title":"A Systematic Review on the Accuracy and the Clinical Outcome of Computer-Guided Template-Based Implant Dentistry","volume":"20","author":"Schneider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Implants Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vinci, R., Manacorda, M., Abundo, R., Lucchina, A.G., Scarano, A., Crocetta, C., Lo Muzio, L., Gherlone, E.F., and Mastrangelo, F. (2020). Accuracy of Edentulous Computer-Aided Implant Surgery as Compared to Virtual Planning: A Retrospective Multicenter Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030774"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3559","article-title":"Augmented and Virtual Reality in Dental Medicine: A Systematic Review","volume":"16","author":"Joda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0853-y","article-title":"Augmented reality for dental implantology: A pilot clinical report of two cases","volume":"19","author":"Pellegrino","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70035","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.70035","article-title":"Mapping the Use of Artificial Intelligence-Based Image Analysis for Clinical Decision-Making in Dentistry: A Scoping Review","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8652\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:50:53Z","timestamp":1770817853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8652"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14248652"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14248652","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]}}}