{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T03:45:44Z","timestamp":1792813544376,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Innovation and Technology of Hungary from the National Research, Development, and Innovation Fund","award":["TKP2021-EGA-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP2021-EGA-23"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03vhmm238","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cranioplasty (CP) is associated with high complication rates (20\u201350%), and the optimal choice between patient-specific implants (PSIs) and hand-molded (HM) alternatives remains debated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare surgical and postoperative outcomes between PSIs and HM implants. Methods: A systematic search was performed in three databases to identify studies reporting surgical site infection (SSI), implant removal, reoperation, operative time or cosmetic outcome for PSIs and\/or HM implants. Two-arm studies of the same material were analyzed separately from pooled single- and two-arm studies. Results: 125 observational studies involving 10,034 patients were included. In two-arm comparisons, PSIs reduced implant removal for titanium (OR 0.34, p = 0.053) and PMMA (OR 0.56, p = 0.188), while SSI rates showed no meaningful difference between groups. In one-arm analyses, PSIs demonstrated lower explantation probabilities (titanium 6.1%, PMMA 7.9%) compared with HM alternatives (titanium 9.9%, PMMA 14.2%), alongside shorter operation times and fewer reoperations. Cosmetic outcomes consistently favored PSIs. Conclusions: PSIs demonstrate advantages in efficiency, durability, and esthetics compared with HM implants, supporting their preferential use where resources allow. HM implants remain a cost-effective option in resource-limited settings. Due to the observational nature of the included studies and differences in study populations across arms, the findings should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparative Safety and Efficacy of Patient-Specific Versus Hand-Molded Implants in Cranioplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Elias-Leon","family":"Nolden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-6312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruna Katherine","family":"Guimar\u00e3es Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarina Sofia","family":"Barkovskij-Jakobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander Schulze","family":"Wenning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-647X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bogl\u00e1rka Lilla","family":"Szentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2489-3790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gergely","family":"Ag\u00f3cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0231-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsolt","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0728-7027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1rton","family":"Kivovics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Public Dental Health, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"Hegyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"K\u00f6les","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"Vaszilk\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Oro-Maxillofacial Surgery and Stomatology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.10.016","article-title":"The therapeutic effect of patient-specific implants in cranioplasty","volume":"45","author":"Zegers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/2292550319880922","article-title":"Comparative Cost-Effectiveness of Cranioplasty Implants","volume":"28","author":"Binhammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004512","article-title":"Cranioplasty: An Institutional Experience","volume":"29","author":"Zanini","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2022.05.073","article-title":"Materials Used in Cranial Reconstruction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"164","author":"Khalid","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.10.JNS151245","article-title":"Cranioplasty using custom-made hydroxyapatite versus titanium: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"126","author":"Lindner","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2021.17.e25","article-title":"Efficacy of 3D-Printed Titanium Mesh-Type Patient-Specific Implant for Cranioplasty","volume":"17","author":"Yoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-023-01908-5","article-title":"\u201cBridging the Breach\u201d: Cranioplasties Using Different Reconstruction Materials-An Institutional Experience","volume":"22","author":"Saxena","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2409","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002089","article-title":"Fabrication of Patient Specific Titanium Implants for Correction of Cranial Defects: A Technique to Improve Anatomic Contours and Accuracy","volume":"26","author":"Nagarjuna","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moellmann, H.L., Mehr, V.N., Karnatz, N., Wilkat, M., Riedel, E., and Rana, M. (2022). Evaluation of the Fitting Accuracy of CAD\/CAM-Manufactured Patient-Specific Implants for the Reconstruction of Cranial Defects-A Retrospective Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11072045"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04663-5","article-title":"Consensus statement from the international consensus meeting on post-traumatic cranioplasty","volume":"163","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nolden, E.L., Carvalho, B.K.G., Wenning, A.S., Kiss-Dala, S., Hegyi, P., Br\u00f3dy, A., R\u00f3zsa, N.K., V\u00e9gh, D., K\u00f6les, L., and Vaszilk\u00f3, M. (Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 2025). Comparative efficacy of patient-specific and stock implants in temporomandibular joint replacement: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2025.06.021"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab180","article-title":"Complications of Cranioplasty in Relation to Material: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression","volume":"89","author":"Henry","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bas.2023.101760","article-title":"Infection-related failure of autologous versus allogenic cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Cerveau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Spine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P.T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., and Welch, V.A. (2024, December 12). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 6.5. Available online: www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03315-w","article-title":"Systems education can train the next generation of scientists and clinicians","volume":"30","author":"Hegyi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1445-2197.2003.02748.x","article-title":"Methodological index for non-randomized studies (minors): Development and validation of a new instrument","volume":"73","author":"Slim","year":"2003","journal-title":"ANZ J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann, H., Bro\u017cek, J., Guyatt, G., and Oxman, A. (2024, March 05). GRADE Handbook for Grading Quality of Evidence and Strength of Recommendations. Available online: https:\/\/gdt.gradepro.org\/app\/handbook\/handbook.html."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2025, October 01). GRADEpro GDT: GRADEpro Guideline Development Tool [Software]. McMaster University and Evidence Prime. Available online: https:\/\/www.gradepro.org\/."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer, M., Cuijpers, P., Furukawa, T., and Ebert, D. (2021). Doing Meta-Analysis with R: A Hands-On Guide, Chapman and Hall\/CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31821c0f34","article-title":"Is polymethylmethacrylate reliable and practical in full-thickness cranial defect reconstructions?","volume":"22","author":"Akan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.3.2024.017","article-title":"Cranioplasty in Oman: Retrospective review of cases from the National Craniofacial Center 2012\u20132022","volume":"24","author":"Shummo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_250_2024","article-title":"Preoperative planning of craniectomy and reconstruction using three-dimension-printed cranioplasty for treatment of calvarial lesion","volume":"15","author":"Amin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wnsx.2024.100362","article-title":"Titanium mesh cranioplasty for cosmetically disfiguring cranio-facial tumours in a resource limited setting","volume":"23","author":"Anele","year":"2024","journal-title":"World Neurosurg. X"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_270_17","article-title":"Cranioplasty Using Autoclaved Autologous Skull Bone Flaps Preserved at Ambient Temperature","volume":"8","author":"Anto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Rural. Pract."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_250_2022","article-title":"Early experience with patient-specific low-cost 3D-printed polymethylmethacrylate cranioplasty implants in a lower-middle-income-country: Technical note and economic analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ashraf","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05121-0","article-title":"Customized cost-effective polymethylmethacrylate cranioplasty: A cosmetic comparison with other low-cost methods of cranioplasty","volume":"164","author":"Baldia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.12.020","article-title":"Evaluation of implant properties, safety profile and clinical efficacy of patient-specific acrylic prosthesis in cranioplasty using 3D binderjet printed cranium model: A pilot study","volume":"85","author":"Basu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-019-01104-5","article-title":"One-stage frame-guided resection and reconstruction with PEEK custom-made prostheses for predominantly intraosseous meningiomas: Technical notes and a case series","volume":"42","author":"Bianchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.04.049","article-title":"Reconstruction of Cranial Vault Defect with Polyetheretherketone Implants","volume":"105","author":"Brandicourt","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2012.11.005","article-title":"A new custom made bioceramic implant for the repair of large and complex craniofacial bone defects","volume":"41","author":"Brie","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E10","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.3.FOCUS091","article-title":"Long-term results following titanium cranioplasty of large skull defects","volume":"26","author":"Cabraja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.119535","article-title":"Cranioplasty with polymethylmethacrylate prostheses fabricated by hand using original bone flaps: Technical note and surgical outcomes","volume":"4","year":"2013","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005493","article-title":"Titanium Three-Dimensional Printed Cranioplasty for Fronto-Nasal Bone Defect","volume":"30","author":"Champeaux","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.09.019","article-title":"3-D titanium mesh reconstruction of defective skull after frontal craniectomy in traumatic brain injury","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000004335","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Digital Three-Dimensional Hydroxyapatite in Repairing Calvarial Defects","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2007.09.022","article-title":"Factors affecting graft infection after cranioplasty","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2018.03.004","article-title":"Surgical results of cranioplasty using three-dimensional printing technology","volume":"168","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-023-05535-4","article-title":"Cranial meningioma with bone involvement: Surgical strategies and clinical considerations","volume":"165","author":"Clynch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.81.3.0483","article-title":"Cranioplasty with the Medpor porous polyethylene flexblock implant. Technical note","volume":"81","author":"Couldwell","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cs\u00e1mer, L., Csern\u00e1tony, Z., Nov\u00e1k, L., K\u0151v\u00e1ri, V.Z., Kov\u00e1cs, \u00c1., So\u00f3sn\u00e9 Horv\u00e1th, H., and Man\u00f3, S. (2023). Custom-made 3D printing-based cranioplasty using a silicone mould and PMMA. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38772-9"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s41205-021-00096-7","article-title":"Cranioplasty with three-dimensional customised mould for polymethylmethacrylate implant: A series of 16 consecutive patients with cost-effectiveness consideration","volume":"7","author":"Lobo","year":"2021","journal-title":"3D Print Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005539","article-title":"Cost-Effective Technique of Fabrication of Polymethyl Methacrylate Based Cranial Implant Using Three-Dimensional Printed Moulds and Wax Elimination Technique","volume":"30","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01341-z","article-title":"Timing of cranial reconstruction after cranioplasty infections: Are we ready for a re-thinking? A comparative analysis of delayed versus immediate cranioplasty after debridement in a series of 48 patients","volume":"44","author":"Colasanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2019.1566514","article-title":"Polymethylmethacrylate cranioplasty using low-cost customised 3D printed moulds for cranial defects\u2014A single Centre experience: Technical note","volume":"33","author":"Domazet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2019.0181","article-title":"Single-Stage Reconstruction with Titanium Mesh for Compound Comminuted Depressed Skull Fracture","volume":"63","author":"Eom","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199808000-00002","article-title":"Individual prefabricated titanium implants in reconstructive craniofacial surgery: Clinical and technical aspects of the first 22 cases","volume":"102","author":"Eufinger","year":"1998","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2015.04.014","article-title":"Reconstructive approach to hostile cranioplasty: A review of the University of Chicago experience","volume":"68","author":"Fong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab220","article-title":"First Report of a Multicenter Prospective Registry of Cranioplasty in the United Kingdom and Ireland","volume":"89","author":"Fountain","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-39546-3_21","article-title":"Skull Bone Defects Reconstruction with Custom-Made Titanium Graft shaped with Electron Beam Melting Technology: Preliminary Experience in a Series of Ten Patients","volume":"124","author":"Francaviglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.01.087","article-title":"Surgical preference regarding different materials for custom-made allograft cranioplasty in patients with calvarial defects: Results from an internal audit covering the last 20 years","volume":"74","author":"Ganau","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/02699052.2019.1683895","article-title":"Polymethylmethacrylate patient-matched implants (PMMA-PMI) for complex and revision cranioplasty: Analysis of long-term complication rates and patient outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Giese","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001305","article-title":"A comparison and cost analysis of cranioplasty techniques: Autologous bone versus custom computer-generated implants","volume":"26","author":"Gilardino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2009.08.010","article-title":"Customised fabricated implants after previous failed cranioplasty","volume":"63","author":"Goh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-020-04243-7","article-title":"The impact of implant material and patient age on the long-term outcome of secondary cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy for severe traumatic brain injury","volume":"162","author":"Hosmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Z., Ma, Y., Yang, C., Hui, J., Mao, Q., Gao, G., Jiang, J., and Feng, J. (2022). A Perioperative Paradigm of Cranioplasty with Polyetheretherketone: Comprehensive Management for Preventing Postoperative Complications. Front. Surg., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2022.856743"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0901-5027(98)80060-X","article-title":"Custom-made cast titanium implants produced with CAD\/CAM for the reconstruction of cranium defects","volume":"27","author":"Heissler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/3-211-27577-0_21","article-title":"Taylored implants for alloplastic cranioplasty--clinical and surgical considerations","volume":"93","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318267d4de","article-title":"How \u201csuccessful\u201d is calvarial reconstruction using frozen autologous bone?","volume":"130","author":"Honeybul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_861_2021","article-title":"Three dimensional custom-made PEEK cranioplasty","volume":"12","author":"Hosameldin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001315","article-title":"Craniofacial reconstruction with poly(methyl methacrylate) customized cranial implants","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.07.008","article-title":"Preliminary Results of a Prospective Study on Methods of Cranial Reconstruction","volume":"73","author":"Iaccarino","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.35.804","article-title":"Cranioplasty with split-thickness calvarial bone","volume":"35","author":"Inoue","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurol. Med. Chir."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1177\/08853282241235884","article-title":"Comprehensive functional outcome analysis and importance of bone remodelling on personalized cranioplasty treatment using Poly(methyl methacrylate) bone flaps","volume":"38","author":"Iratwar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2012.09.023","article-title":"Long-term clinical outcome analysis of poly-methyl-methacrylate cranioplasty for large skull defects","volume":"71","author":"Jaberi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002336","article-title":"Effect of Reflection of Temporalis Muscle During Cranioplasty with Titanium Mesh After Standard Trauma Craniectomy","volume":"27","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.07.005","article-title":"Outcome in patient-specific PEEK cranioplasty: A two-center cohort study of 40 implants","volume":"44","author":"Jonkergouw","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2012.52.6.541","article-title":"Customized cranioplasty implants using three-dimensional printers and polymethyl-methacrylate casting","volume":"52","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2018.0047","article-title":"Cranioplasty Using Autologous Bone versus Porous Polyethylene versus Custom-Made Titanium Mesh: A Retrospective Review of 108 Patients","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Korean Neurosurg. Soc."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003663","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Titanium Cranioplasty for Extensive Calvarial Bone Defects: Three-Dimensionally Printed Titanium Implants Versus Premolded Titanium Mesh","volume":"91","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-5182(98)80071-1","article-title":"Cranioplasty with split lateral skull plate segments for reconstruction of skull defects","volume":"26","author":"Kiyokawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1097\/01.sap.0000465206.62522.af","article-title":"Customized bilaminar resorbable mesh with BMP-2 promotes cranial bone defect healing","volume":"74","author":"Kohan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.2220","article-title":"New reconstructive technologies after decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: The role of three-dimensional titanium mesh","volume":"29","author":"Kung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.3109\/02699052.2012.698361","article-title":"A simplified technique for polymethyl methacrylate cranioplasty: Combined cotton stacking and finger fracture method","volume":"26","author":"Kung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain Inj."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001559","article-title":"Long-term Outcomes of Cranioplasty: Titanium Mesh Is Not a Long-term Solution in High-risk Patients","volume":"81","author":"Kwiecien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2008.04.001","article-title":"Cranioplasty using polymethyl methacrylate prostheses","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e318256a150","article-title":"Analysis of the factors influencing bone graft infection after cranioplasty","volume":"73","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trauma. Acute Care Surg."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.13004\/kjnt.2014.10.1.10","article-title":"Resorption of Autogenous Bone Graft in Cranioplasty: Resorption and Reintegration Failure","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2012.10.138","article-title":"Autologous bone flap versus hydroxyapatite prosthesis in first intention in secondary cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy: A French medico-economical study","volume":"59","author":"Petit","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2014.08.006","article-title":"Interval cranioplasty with patient-specific implants and autogenous bone grafts--success and cost analysis","volume":"42","author":"Lethaus","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.10.061","article-title":"Patient-Specific Titanium-Reinforced Calcium Phosphate Implant for the Repair and Healing of Complex Cranial Defects","volume":"122","author":"Birgersson","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.3171\/2012.2.FOCUS129","article-title":"Comparison of manually shaped and computer-shaped titanium mesh for repairing large frontotemporoparietal skull defects after traumatic brain injury","volume":"33","author":"Luo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Focus."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-018-3694-6","article-title":"Hydroxyapatite cranioplasty: A retrospective evaluation of osteointegration in 17 cases","volume":"160","author":"Maenhoudt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-012-0376-3","article-title":"Intraoperative template-molded bone flap reconstruction for patient-specific cranioplasty","volume":"35","author":"Marbacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/sni.sni_149_18","article-title":"Functional and aesthetic evaluation after cranial reconstruction with polymethyl methacrylate prostheses using low-cost 3D printing templates in patients with cranial defects secondary to decompressive craniectomies: A prospective study","volume":"10","author":"Maricevich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2017.07.001","article-title":"Reconstruction of cranioplasty using medpor porouspolyethylene implant","volume":"63","author":"Marlier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-006-0740-6","article-title":"Analyses of the factors influencing bone graft infection after delayed cranioplasty","volume":"148","author":"Matsuno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.12.082","article-title":"Long-Term Follow-Up Comparative Study of Hydroxyapatite and Autologous Cranioplasties: Complications, Cosmetic Results, Osseointegration","volume":"111","author":"Moles","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Cranioplasty with a low-cost customized polymethylmethacrylate implant using a desktop 3D printer","volume":"130","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200303000-00003","article-title":"Clinical outcome in cranioplasty: Critical review in long-term follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Jackson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.81735","article-title":"Cranioplasty with subcutaneously preserved autologous bone grafts in abdominal wall-Experience with 75 cases in a post-war country Kosova","volume":"2","author":"Morina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.8.JNS151390","article-title":"Predictors of infection after 754 cranioplasty operations and the value of intraoperative cultures for cryopreserved bone flaps","volume":"125","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2016.11.016","article-title":"Patient-specific polymethylmethacrylate prostheses for secondary reconstruction of large calvarial defects: A retrospective feasibility study of a new intraoperative moulding device for cranioplasty","volume":"45","author":"Moser","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniomaxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003708","article-title":"Analyzing the Cost of Autogenous Cranioplasty Versus Custom-Made Patient-Specific Alloplastic Cranioplasty","volume":"28","author":"Mrad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e185","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000000623","article-title":"Computer-designed polyetheretherketone implants versus titanium mesh (\u00b1acrylic cement) in alloplastic cranioplasty: A retrospective single-surgeon, single-center study","volume":"25","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.02.104","article-title":"Cranioplasty Using Customized 3-Dimensional-Printed Titanium Implants: An International Collaboration Effort to Improve Neurosurgical Care","volume":"149","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.11.001","article-title":"Computed-tomography modeled polyether ether ketone (PEEK) implants in revision cranioplasty","volume":"68","author":"Barnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005168","article-title":"Cranioplasty Using Polymethylmethacrylate Cement Following Retrosigmoid Craniectomy Decreases the Rate of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak and Pseudomeningocele","volume":"30","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02309-z","article-title":"Exploring complications following cranioplasty after decompressive hemicraniectomy: A retrospective bicenter assessment of autologous, PMMA and CAD implants","volume":"47","author":"Tosin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2015.01.014","article-title":"Outcomes of cranioplasty with synthetic materials and autologous bone grafts","volume":"83","author":"Piitulainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_35_2020","article-title":"Comparison of two different titanium cranioplasty methods: Custom-made titanium prostheses versus precurved titanium mesh","volume":"11","author":"Policicchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-021-05077-7","article-title":"The \u201cspringform\u201d technique in cranioplasty: Custom made 3D-printed templates for intraoperative modelling of polymethylmethacrylate cranial implants","volume":"164","author":"Spendel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000001413","article-title":"Patient-specific polyetheretherketone implants for repair of craniofacial defects","volume":"26","author":"Rammos","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005148","article-title":"Polymethyl Methacrylate in Patient-Specific Implants: Description of a New Three-Dimension Technique","volume":"30","author":"Idema","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000477","article-title":"Polyetheretherketone implants for the repair of large cranial defects: A 3-center experience","volume":"75","author":"Rosenthal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E15","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyz358","article-title":"A Retrospective Comparative Analysis of Titanium Mesh and Custom Implants for Cranioplasty","volume":"86","author":"Rosinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.09.036","article-title":"Cranioplasty with custom-made implants: Analyzing the cases of 10 patients","volume":"70","author":"Rotaru","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181c3ba58","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of autogenous calvarial bone graft and alloplastic materials for secondary reconstruction of cranial defects","volume":"21","author":"Sahoo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005951","article-title":"Cranioplasty with Autogenous Frozen and Autoclaved Bone: Management and Treatment Outcomes","volume":"30","author":"Sahoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2014.02.014","article-title":"Prediction parameters of bone flap resorption following cranioplasty with autologous bone","volume":"120","author":"Schoekler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.12.138","article-title":"3D-Printer-Assisted Patient-Specific Polymethyl Methacrylate Cranioplasty: A Case Series of 16 Consecutive Patients","volume":"148","author":"Skalicky","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-014-0670-4","article-title":"Cranioplasty using presurgically fabricated presterilised polymethyl methacrylate plate by a simple, cost-effective technique on patients with and without original bone flap: Study on 29 patients","volume":"14","author":"Sharavanan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000002441","article-title":"Translucent Customized Cranial Implants Made of Clear Polymethylmethacrylate: An Early Outcome Analysis of 55 Consecutive Cranioplasty Cases","volume":"85","author":"Shay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2023.06.065","article-title":"Application value of calcium phosphate cement in complete cranial reconstructions of microvascular decompression craniectomies","volume":"85","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S449","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003019","article-title":"Outcomes of Cranioplasty Strategies for High-Risk Complex Cranial Defects: A 10-Year Experience","volume":"88","author":"Soto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_1239_2021","article-title":"Customized alloplastic cranioplasty of large bone defects by 3D-printed prefabricated mold template after posttraumatic decompressive craniectomy: A technical note","volume":"13","author":"Splavski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. Neurol. Int."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-006-1078-9","article-title":"Custom made cranioplasty prostheses in porous hydroxy-apatite using 3D design techniques: 7 years experience in 25 patients","volume":"149","author":"Staffa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"e136","article-title":"The efficacy of custom-made porous hydroxyapatite prostheses for cranioplasty: Evaluation of postmarketing data on 2697 patients","volume":"13","author":"Stefini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-013-1977-5","article-title":"Intraoperative fabrication of patient-specific moulded implants for skull reconstruction: Single-centre experience of 28 cases","volume":"156","author":"Stieglitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3171\/2018.1.JNS171804","article-title":"Association between metal hypersensitivity and implant failure in patients who underwent titanium cranioplasty","volume":"131","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4137\/JCNSD.S11106","article-title":"Prefabricated patient-matched cranial implants for reconstruction of large skull defects","volume":"5","author":"Sundseth","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cent. Nerv. Syst. Dis."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"386","article-title":"Simultaneous Closure of Bilateral Cranial Defects Using Custom-Made 3D Titanium Implants: A Single Institution Series","volume":"33","author":"Tehli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Turk. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2021.07.008","article-title":"Cubik system: Maximizing possibilities of in-house computer-guided surgery for complex craniofacial reconstruction","volume":"50","author":"Tel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2014.06.003","article-title":"Comparison of polyetheretherketone and titanium cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy","volume":"83","author":"Thien","year":"2015","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pjnns.2017.02.007","article-title":"Reconstruction of large cranial defects with poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) using a rapid prototyping model and a new technique for intraoperative implant modeling","volume":"51","author":"Unterhofer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurol. Neurochir. Pol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0503(85)80005-9","article-title":"Preformed polymethylmethacrylate cranioplasties: Report of 45 cases","volume":"13","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006623","article-title":"Surgical Decision-Making in Microvascular Reconstruction of Composite Scalp and Skull Defects","volume":"31","author":"Vargo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velnar, T., Bosnjak, R., and Gradisnik, L. (2022). Clinical Applications of Poly-Methyl-Methacrylate in Neurosurgery: The In Vivo Cranial Bone Reconstruction. J. Funct. Biomater., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb13030156"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.017","article-title":"Comparison between autologous bone grafts and acrylic (PMMA) implants\u2014A retrospective analysis of 286 cranioplasty procedures","volume":"61","author":"Vince","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.17159\/2078-5151\/2018\/v56n3a2521","article-title":"Evaluation of locally manufactured patient-specific custom made implants for cranial defects using a silicone mould","volume":"56","author":"Vlok","year":"2018","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31825e3aeb","article-title":"Clinical outcome of cranioplasty with high-density porous polyethylene","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-022-01874-5","article-title":"Analysis of PMMA versus CaP titanium-enhanced implants for cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy: A retrospective observational cohort study","volume":"45","author":"Wesp","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosurg. Rev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2014.09.006","article-title":"Custom-made titanium cranioplasty: Early and late complications of 151 cranioplasties and review of the literature","volume":"44","author":"Williams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, S., Zhang, Q., Mai, Y., Yang, H., Li, Y., Zhang, M., and Zhang, R. (2022). Outcome and risk factors of complications after cranioplasty with polyetheretherketone and titanium mesh: A single-center retrospective study. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.926436"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002179","article-title":"Customized Titanium Mesh for Repairing Cranial Defects: A Method with Comprehensive Evaluation","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.01.114","article-title":"A Large Multicenter Retrospective Research on Embedded Cranioplasty and Covered Cranioplasty","volume":"112","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000006296","article-title":"Handmade Cranioplasty: An Obsolete Procedure or a Surgery That Is Still Useful?","volume":"31","author":"Zoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Craniofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2020.10.002","article-title":"A systematic review of cranioplasty material toxicity in human subjects","volume":"49","author":"Las","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2007.10.055","article-title":"Long-term experience with methylmethacrylate cranioplasty in craniofacial surgery","volume":"61","author":"Marchac","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Plast. Reconstr. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"1594","article-title":"The use of patientspecific implants in maxillofacial reconstruction","volume":"165","author":"Nolden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Orv. Hetil."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.04.017","article-title":"Complications following cranioplasty and relationship to timing: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Malcolm","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000013","article-title":"Clinical outcomes in cranioplasty: Risk factors and choice of reconstructive material","volume":"133","author":"Reddy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217701105","article-title":"Anesthesia Duration as an Independent Risk Factor for Early Postoperative Complications in Adults Undergoing Elective ACDF","volume":"7","author":"Phan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Global Spine J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hegyi, P., Petersen, O.H., Holgate, S., Er\u0151ss, B., Garami, A., Szak\u00e1cs, Z., Dobszai, D., Balask\u00f3, M., Kem\u00e9ny, L., and Peng, S. (2020). Academia Europaea Position Paper on Translational Medicine: The Cycle Model for Translating Scientific Results into Community Benefits. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051532"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01458-8","article-title":"Accelerating the translational medicine cycle: The Academia Europaea pilot","volume":"27","author":"Hegyi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8655\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:49:12Z","timestamp":1765212552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8655"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14248655"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14248655","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]}}}