{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:54:16Z","timestamp":1765212856440,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research (DSR) at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","award":["IPP: 187-165-2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPP: 187-165-2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the experience and consequences of dental caries and erosion in children aged 1\u201314 years on long-term liquid medications compared to those not on these medications. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a WHO-adapted questionnaire, medical surveys, and oral examinations. Participants included children with nephrotic syndrome in two groups: those on long-term liquid medications for at least three months (study group) and those not taking liquid medications (control group). The Decayed, Missing, and Filled Surfaces index (dmfs\/DMFS) assessed caries, while the Pulpal Involvement, Ulceration, Fistula, and Abscess index (PUFA\/pufa) measured caries consequences. The Basic Erosive Wear Examination index (BEWE) assessed erosion. Results: A total of 64 participants were included, with 33 in the study group and 31 in the control group. The study group had a significantly higher mean dmfs\/DMFS of 16.9 \u00b1 12.6 versus 5.2 \u00b1 4.0 in the control group (p &lt; 0.001). The PUFA\/pufa index was also higher in the study group (0.8) compared to the control group (0.1) (p = 0.009). Erosion showed a non-significant increase with a BEWE score of 0.2 vs. 0.03 in the control group (p = 0.053). Conclusions: Long-term liquid medication use significantly affects dental caries in children after three months.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:20:29Z","timestamp":1765210829000},"page":"8669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dental Caries and Erosion in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome on Long-Term Liquid Medications\u2014A Cross-Sectional Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adel N.","family":"Radwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulaziz University Dental Hospital, Jeddah 22252, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3212-5735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osama M.","family":"Felemban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7628-8926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jameela A.","family":"Kari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sherif M.","family":"El Desoky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0326-9633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khlood","family":"Baghlaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3593-3025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heba Mohamed","family":"Elkhodhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pedodontics and Oral Health, Faculty of Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11765, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Xu, L., Pan, Y., He, C., Huang, Y., Xu, H., Lu, Z., and Dong, C. 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