{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T06:39:23Z","timestamp":1793255963155,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765497600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor agonists have revolutionised obesity and type 2 diabetes management through effective weight loss and metabolic regulation. However, their increasing use has led to reports of adverse aesthetic and functional effects, particularly affecting facial and ocular tissues. Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted in October 2025 across PubMed, Embase, and Medline using the terms \u201cGLP-1 receptor agonist,\u201d \u201cOzempic face,\u201d \u201cfacial lipoatrophy,\u201d \u201cocular surface disease,\u201d \u201corbital fat,\u201d and related combinations. Studies reporting facial, periorbital, orbital, or ocular surface changes associated with GLP-1 or GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists were included. Reference lists were screened to identify additional sources. Results: Evidence suggests that GLP-1 and dual GLP-1\/GIP receptor agonists may contribute to rapid facial volume loss, dermal fat atrophy, and periocular hollowing\u2014collectively termed \u201cOzempic face.\u201d The mechanism is multifactorial, involving both weight-loss-related fat depletion and potential modulation of adipocyte differentiation. Ocular surface improvements have been observed in some studies. Radiologic data demonstrate preferential superficial midface fat loss, informing potential aesthetic correction strategies. Conclusions: GLP-1-based therapies, while clinically effective, can result in perceptible adnexal and periocular changes with aesthetic and functional implications. Awareness of these effects is crucial for multidisciplinary management. Future prospective studies are warranted to clarify mechanisms and guide individualised reconstructive and rejuvenative interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T08:30:17Z","timestamp":1765528217000},"page":"8792","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Functional and Aesthetic Periorbital, Ocular Adnexal and Ocular Surface Changes Linked to GLP-1 Receptor Agonists"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9781-7062","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Kapantais","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Rochdale OL12 0NB, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0438-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Tsoutsanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Northern Care Alliance NHS Foundation Trust, Rochdale OL12 0NB, UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2022.170749","article-title":"GLP-1 and GIP receptor signaling in beta cells\u2014A review of receptor interactions and co-stimulation","volume":"151","author":"Mayendraraj","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032183","article-title":"Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity","volume":"384","author":"Wilding","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. 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