{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:59:43Z","timestamp":1779105583980,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Facial asymmetry significantly affects aesthetic appearance, essential functions such as mastication and speech, and psychological well-being. While traditional surgical interventions effectively address significant facial asymmetry, they are often associated with considerable morbidity, prolonged recovery periods, and potential complications. Consequently, interest in minimally invasive, non-surgical techniques has substantially increased, driven by advantages including reduced downtime, rapid recovery, and immediate aesthetic results. This narrative review critically evaluates contemporary non-surgical techniques for correcting facial asymmetry, focusing specifically on dermal fillers, collagen stimulators (polydioxanone powder), polydioxanone thread lifting, energy-based non-invasive devices (radiofrequency, ultrasound, and laser therapies), and extracorporeal shockwave therapy. The review is based on a structured literature search of PubMed\/MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar up to October 2025, focusing on human clinical studies and review articles on non-surgical correction of facial asymmetry and related facial contouring. We provide a detailed analysis of each treatment modality\u2019s underlying mechanisms, clinical efficacy, advantages, limitations, and safety profiles. Current evidence suggests that these non-surgical methods effectively enhance facial symmetry by offering immediate visible improvements and progressive enhancements through natural collagen regeneration, thereby significantly improving patient satisfaction and overall quality of life. Clinicians are encouraged to incorporate these versatile, minimally invasive interventions into clinical practice, carefully tailoring treatments according to individual patient characteristics and specific aesthetic goals. Further research should aim to refine existing treatment protocols, evaluate long-term efficacy and safety, and establish standardized guidelines to optimize outcomes in facial asymmetry correction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1765879044000},"page":"8828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Non-Surgical Correction of Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of Non-Surgical Modalities and Clinical Case Examples"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Clara","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Queens Clinic, Gangnam Main Branch, Specialized in Non-Surgical Aesthetic Treatments, Seoul 06223, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sumin","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dr. Queens Clinic, Gangnam Main Branch, Specialized in Non-Surgical Aesthetic Treatments, Seoul 06223, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Han-Jin","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermaster Clinic, Seoul 06014, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9527-5976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonwoo","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3339-6669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyung Kwan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bio-Chemical Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-Daero, Dong-Gu, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-4651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minsuk","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radcr.2025.01.079","article-title":"A facial asymmetry revealed: Active mandibular condylar hyperplasia","volume":"20","author":"Guennouni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Radiol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.72.2.456","article-title":"Facial asymmetry as an indicator of psychological, emotional, and physiological distress","volume":"72","author":"Shackelford","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32362","article-title":"Prevalence of mandibular asymmetries in the pediatric population of Jazan: A radiographic analytical study","volume":"10","author":"Bakri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chojdak-\u0141ukasiewicz, J., and Paradowski, B. (2022). Facial Asymmetry: A Narrative Review of the Most Common Neurological Causes. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14040737"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2016.46.3.137","article-title":"Five-year investigation of a large orthodontic patient population at a dental hospital in South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Piao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Orthod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-023-02053-9","article-title":"Facial Asymmetry-Demystifying the Entity","volume":"22","author":"Reddy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Maxillofac. Oral. Surg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112718","article-title":"Orofacial sensorimotor behaviour in unilateral chewing: A comparative analysis in asymptomatic population","volume":"212","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10996","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-94746-z","article-title":"Quantitative and qualitative condylar changes Post-Stabilization splint in patients with temporomandibular disorder and chewing side preference","volume":"15","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2340\/aos.v83.41392","article-title":"Chewing Side Preference, Facial Asymmetry and Related Factors in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986","volume":"83","author":"Heikkinen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0000000000002066","article-title":"The Effect of Sleep Position Preference on Eyelid and Eyebrow Symmetry","volume":"38","author":"Tran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, E.W., Huang, C.S., Lin, C.-H., and Chen, Y.-R. (2022). Orthodontic Perspective for Face Asymmetry Correction. Symmetry, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym14091822"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40902-018-0167-z","article-title":"Postoperative malocclusion after maxillofacial fracture management: A retrospective case study","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Maxillofac. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Hsieh, E.Y., Chen, S.H., Pai, B.C.J., Tsai, C.Y., Wang, S.W., and Chou, P.Y. (2023). Occlusion-Based Three-Dimensional Craniofacial Anthropometric and Symmetric Evaluation in Preadolescences: A Comparative COHORT Study. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12155017"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Otel, A., Montiel-Company, J.M., and Zubizarreta-Macho, \u00c1. (2025). Comparative Analysis of Early Class III Malocclusion Treatments\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Children, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/children12020177"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Patano, A., Piras, F., Ruvo, E.D., Ferrante, L., Noia, A.D., Dongiovanni, L., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, F., and Inchingolo, A.D. (2023). Orthognathic Surgery and Relapse: A Systematic Review. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10091071"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2021.06.003","article-title":"Relapse and temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) as postoperative complication in skeletal class III patients undergoing bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Neeraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Oral Biol. Craniofac. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2017.03.019","article-title":"Compliance with removable orthodontic appliances and adjuncts: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"152","author":"Salazar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.2319\/090820-780.1","article-title":"Predictors of patient compliance during Class II division 1 malocclusion functional orthodontic treatment","volume":"91","author":"Stefanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2319\/042622-317.1","article-title":"Nonsurgical orthodontic correction of facial asymmetry by condylar remodeling and mandibular repositioning following occlusal cant correction with microimplants: A case report","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Angle Orthod."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8332631","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8332631","article-title":"Application of Nonsurgical Modalities in Improving Facial Aging","volume":"2022","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2023.10.008","article-title":"The Use of Facial Fillers in Clinical Practice: The Level of Patient Satisfaction and an Overview of Common Clinical Complications","volume":"115","year":"2024","journal-title":"Actas Dermo-Sifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16657","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16657","article-title":"Energy-Based Skin Rejuvenation: A Review of Mechanisms and Thermal Effects","volume":"24","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjac262","article-title":"Shock Wave Therapy in Plastic Surgery: A Review of the Current Indications","volume":"43","author":"Wigley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"26","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Restoring Facial Symmetry Using Polydioxanone Thread Face Lift Technique in Patients with Facial Palsy","volume":"15","author":"Bhatnagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007518","article-title":"Facial Aging: A Quantitative Analysis of Midface Volume Changes over 11 Years","volume":"147","author":"Boehm","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anplas.2016.09.008","article-title":"Quantitative analysis of midface fat compartments mass with ageing and body mass index, anatomical study","volume":"61","author":"Mertens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Chir. Plast. Esth\u00e9t."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14292","article-title":"Evaluation of aging changes of the superficial fat compartments of the midface over time: A computed tomography study","volume":"21","author":"Kus","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-012-0063-7","article-title":"The aging perioral region\u2014Do we really know what is happening","volume":"16","author":"Iblher","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Health Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S48102","article-title":"Perioral rejuvenation: Restoration of attractiveness in aging females by minimally invasive procedures","volume":"8","author":"Wollina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1177\/1090820X12442372","article-title":"Tear Trough Deformity: Review of Anatomy and Treatment Options","volume":"32","author":"Stutman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tao, B.K., Butt, F.R., Dhivagaran, T., Balas, M., Nijhawan, N., Nassrallah, G., Hussain, A., and Ing, E.B. (2025). Periocular Aging Across Populations and Esthetic Considerations: A Narrative Review. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14020535"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.124","article-title":"Periorbital rejuvenation in the clinic: A state-of-the-art review","volume":"9","author":"Russel","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0b013e31828ed1da","article-title":"The Science and Theory behind Facial Aging","volume":"1","author":"Farkas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjaa339","article-title":"The Facial Aging Process From the \"Inside Out\"","volume":"41","author":"Swift","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-022-02996-3","article-title":"The Surgical Anatomy of the Jowl and the Mandibular Ligament Reassessed","volume":"47","author":"Minelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S294812","article-title":"Treating Aging Changes of Facial Anatomical Layers with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers","volume":"14","author":"Kapoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2010.51.6.943","article-title":"Features of facial asymmetry following incomplete recovery from facial paralysis","volume":"51","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guntinas-Lichius, O., Prengel, J., Cohen, O., M\u00e4kitie, A.A., Vander Poorten, V., Ronen, O., Shaha, A., and Ferlito, A. (2022). Pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of facial synkinesis: A systematic review and clinical practice recommendations by the international head and neck scientific group. Front. Neurol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.1019554"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-021-01736-1","article-title":"A framework for the evaluation of patients with congenital facial weakness","volume":"16","author":"Webb","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.5535\/arm.2015.39.3.440","article-title":"Craniofacial Asymmetry in Adults With Neglected Congenital Muscular Torticollis","volume":"39","author":"Jeong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rehabil. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"e57572","article-title":"Shedding Light on Acne Scars: A Comprehensive Review of CO2 vs. Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Er:YAG) Laser Therapy","volume":"16","author":"Meghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e55092","article-title":"Efficacy of Microneedling and CO2 Laser for Acne Scar Remodelling: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"16","author":"Meghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2013.09.001","article-title":"Rarest muscular imbalance, neutral zone shift and facial asymmetry","volume":"71","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. J. Armed Forces India"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wollina, U., Kocic, H., and Goldman, A. (2023). Hyaluronic Acid in Facial Rehabilitation\u2014A Narrative Review. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10020061"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000001084","article-title":"The Kinetics of Reversible Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection Treated With Hyaluronidase","volume":"43","author":"Levin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e50403","DOI":"10.2196\/50403","article-title":"Hyaluronidase for Dermal Filler Complications: Review of Applications and Dosage Recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Kroumpouzos","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S266015","article-title":"Effect of Hyaluronic Acid and Poly-L-Lactic Acid Dermal Fillers on Collagen Synthesis: An in vitro and in vivo Study","volume":"13","author":"Cabral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1544924","article-title":"Injectable fillers: Review of material and properties","volume":"31","author":"Attenello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Facial Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fundar\u00f2, S.P., Salti, G., Malgapo, D.M.H., and Innocenti, S. (2022). The Rheology and Physicochemical Characteristics of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Their Clinical Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231810518"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"573","article-title":"Durability of Three Different Types of Hyaluronic Acid Fillers in Skin: Are There Differences Among Biphasic, Monophasic Monodensified, and Monophasic Polydensified Products?","volume":"37","author":"Biccigo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003878","article-title":"An Interim 6-Month Analysis of the Dermatologic Effects and Midface Volume Correction With XTR CL Filler in a Prospective, Single-Center Study","volume":"49","author":"Salti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Dermatol. Surg."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S316352","article-title":"The Immunogenicity of Hyaluronic Fillers and Its Consequences","volume":"14","author":"Zdanowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13100","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of a new resilient hyaluronic acid dermal filler, in the correction of moderate-to-severe nasolabial folds: A 64-week, prospective, multicenter, controlled, randomized, double-blind and within-subject study","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S2065","article-title":"Use of calcium hydroxylapatite (Radiesse) for facial augmentation","volume":"3","author":"Jacovella","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpra.2025.02.006","article-title":"Feasibility of calcium hydroxyapatite (Radiesse\u00ae) for improving the biomechanical properties of facial burn scars: A pilot study","volume":"44","year":"2025","journal-title":"JPRAS Open"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"38","article-title":"Calcium hydroxylapatite: Over a decade of clinical experience","volume":"8","author":"Loghem","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16446","article-title":"Clinical applications of a novel poly-L-lactic acid microsphere and hyaluronic acid suspension for facial depression filling and rejuvenation","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16635","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16635","article-title":"Unveiling the Mechanism: Injectable Poly-L-Lactic Acid\u2019s Evolving Role-Insights From Recent Studies","volume":"24","author":"Avelar","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37506","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000037506","article-title":"Application of PLLA (Poly-L-Lactic acid) for rejuvenation and reproduction of facial cutaneous tissue in aesthetics: A review","volume":"103","author":"Ao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"32","article-title":"Facial aesthetic correction with injectable poly-L-lactic Acid following removal of malar cheek implants","volume":"2","author":"Ditre","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4477","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004477","article-title":"PMMA-collagen Gel in Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty Defects: A Methodological Overview and 15-year Experience","volume":"10","author":"Rivkin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv195","article-title":"Complications and Management of Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Injections to the Midface","volume":"36","author":"Limongi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aesthetic Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-011-9803-z","article-title":"Clinical experience with polymethylmethacrylate microsphere filler complications","volume":"36","author":"Park","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1002\/wjo2.126","article-title":"Facial fillers: Relevant anatomy, injection techniques, and complications","volume":"9","author":"Clark","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Otorhinolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"295","article-title":"Dermal fillers in aesthetics: An overview of adverse events and treatment approaches","volume":"6","author":"Funt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjae073","article-title":"A Multicenter, Randomized, Evaluator-Blinded Study to Examine the Safety and Effectiveness of Hyaluronic Acid Filler in the Correction of Infraorbital Hollows","volume":"44","author":"Biesman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S329415","article-title":"A Prospective, Observational Registry Study to Evaluate Effectiveness and Safety of Hyaluronic Acid-Based Dermal Fillers in Routine Practice: Interim Analysis Results with One Year of Subject Follow-Up","volume":"14","author":"Deckers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2015.42.2.232","article-title":"Foreign body granulomas after the use of dermal fillers: Pathophysiology, clinical appearance, histologic features, and treatment","volume":"42","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, G.W., Hu, H., Chang, K., Park, Y., Lee, K.W.A., Chan, L.K.W., and Yi, K.H. (2024). Review of the Adverse Effects Associated with Dermal Filler Treatments: Part I Nodules, Granuloma, and Migration. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14151640"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70043","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70043","article-title":"The Demographics of Patients With Dermal Filler Complications","volume":"24","author":"Ehsani","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierckx, S., Patrizi, M., Merino, M., Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Mullor, J.L., and Nergiz-Unal, R. (2024). Collagen peptides affect collagen synthesis and the expression of collagen, elastin, and versican genes in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Front. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1397517"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13681","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13681","article-title":"Effect of poly-L-lactic acid and polydioxanone biostimulators on type I and III collagen biosynthesis","volume":"30","author":"Bernardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12894","article-title":"The efficacy of powdered polydioxanone in terms of collagen production compared with poly-L-lactic acid in a murine model","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.13184","article-title":"Bio-characteristics and Efficacy Analysis of Biodegradable Poly Dioxanone Dermal Filler in a Mouse Model and Humans","volume":"37","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedush, N.G., Kalinin, K.T., Azarkevich, P.N., and Gorskaya, A.A. (2023). Physicochemical Characteristics and Hydrolytic Degradation of Polylactic Acid Dermal Fillers: A Comparative Study. Cosmetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics10040110"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolke, L., Schlippe, G., Ger\u00df, J., and Voss, W. (2019). A Collagen Supplement Improves Skin Hydration, Elasticity, Roughness, and Density: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Blind Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102494"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S438642","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Skin Radiance Collagen on Skin and Hair Matrix: A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Human Subjects","volume":"17","author":"Trehan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.2147\/CCID.S457352","article-title":"Thread Lifting Materials: A Review of Its Difference in Terms of Technical and Mechanical Perspective","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13679","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13679","article-title":"An evaluation of the effectiveness of \u2018ULTRACOL 200\u2019 in enhancing nasolabial fold wrinkles through cutaneous repair","volume":"30","author":"Giang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15966","article-title":"Experimental investigation of biostimulatory effects after polydioxanone thread insertion in a pig model","volume":"23","author":"Su","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15894","article-title":"Non-surgical rhinoplasty using polydioxanone threads","volume":"23","author":"Sulyman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2019.1640347","article-title":"Experiences of barbed polydioxanone (PDO) cog thread for facial rejuvenation and our technique to prevent thread migration","volume":"32","author":"Unal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1080\/14764172.2017.1368562","article-title":"Two years\u2019 outcome of thread lifting with absorbable barbed PDO threads: Innovative score for objective and subjective assessment","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Laser Ther."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/S2096-6911(21)00039-X","article-title":"Complications Following Facial Thread-Lifting","volume":"2","author":"Niu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin. J. Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15709","article-title":"Using PDO threads: A scarcely studied rejuvenation technique. Case report and systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Contreras","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1748641","article-title":"A New Complex Minimally Invasive Thread Lift Method for One-Time Three-Step Fixation of the Face and Neck Soft Tissues","volume":"49","author":"Zhukova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70077","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70077","article-title":"Efficacy of Lifting Threads Composed of Poly(L-Lactide-Co-\u03b5-Caprolactone) Copolymers Coated With Hyaluronic Acid: A Long-Term Study on Biorevitalizing Properties in Skin Remodeling","volume":"24","author":"Burko","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13883","article-title":"Efficacy study of the new polycaprolactone thread compared with other commercialized threads in a murine model","volume":"20","author":"Cho","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1936","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14897","article-title":"Thread lifting: Does patient satisfaction change according to age, type of threads used, number of threads used and treatment area?","volume":"21","author":"Kutlubay","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adoms.2023.100411","article-title":"Validation of Non-surgical Facial Lifting with PDO Thread using a 3D system","volume":"10","author":"Middleton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.15169","article-title":"A prospective multicenter clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of a hyaluronic acid-based filler with Tri-Hyal technology in the treatment of lips and the perioral area","volume":"22","author":"Gorj","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16745","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16745","article-title":"Facial Thread Lifting Complications","volume":"24","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2007.05.005","article-title":"Nonablative cutaneous remodeling using radiofrequency devices","volume":"25","author":"Alster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13452","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13452","article-title":"Efficacy of radiofrequency combined with single-dot ultrasound efficacy for skin rejuvenation: A non-randomized split-face trial with blinded response evaluation","volume":"29","author":"Byun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4077","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004077","article-title":"Not all Radiofrequency Devices Are Created Equal: A Thermal Assessment","volume":"10","author":"Dayan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.06.045","article-title":"Radiofrequency facial rejuvenation: Evidence-based effect","volume":"64","author":"Medhat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., Rhee, D.Y., Batsukh, S., Son, K.H., and Byun, K. (2023). High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Increases Collagen and Elastin Fiber Synthesis by Modulating Caveolin-1 in Aging Skin. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12182275"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2015.27.6.688","article-title":"High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Wrinkles and Skin Laxity in Seven Different Facial Areas","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107559","article-title":"Dynamic panoramic presentation of skin function after fractional CO(2) laser treatment","volume":"26","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1329413","article-title":"Current Laser Resurfacing Technologies: A Review that Delves Beneath the Surface","volume":"26","author":"Preissig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shin, J., Sung, Y., Jin, S., Hwang, C.-L., Kim, H., Hong, D., Jung, K.E., Seo, Y.-J., and Lee, Y. (2024). Efficacy and Safety of Monopolar Radiofrequency for Tightening the Skin of Aged Faces. Cosmetics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11030071"},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"27","article-title":"Long-term Efficacy of Micro-focused Ultrasound with Visualization for Lifting and Tightening Lax Facial and Neck Skin Using a Customized Vectoring Treatment Method","volume":"9","author":"Werschler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584818","article-title":"Noninvasive Facial Rejuvenation. Part 3: Physician-Directed-Lasers, Chemical Peels, and Other Noninvasive Modalities","volume":"30","author":"Meaike","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piet, A., Jablonski, L., Daniel Onwuchekwa, J.I., Unkel, S., Weber, C., Grzegorzek, M., Ehlers, J.P., Gaus, O., and Neumann, T. (2023). Non-Invasive Wearable Devices for Monitoring Vital Signs in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Bioengineering, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering10111321"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., and Wu, W. (2023). Multimodal non-invasive non-pharmacological therapies for chronic pain: Mechanisms and progress. BMC Med., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-023-03076-2"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3809","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.16510","article-title":"Standard operating protocol for utilizing energy-based devices in aesthetic practice","volume":"23","author":"Mysore","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haykal, D. (2024). Emerging and Pioneering AI Technologies in Aesthetic Dermatology: Sketching a Path Toward Personalized, Predictive, and Proactive Care. Cosmetics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11060206"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6687094","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6687094","article-title":"Effectiveness of Focused Shockwave Therapy versus Radial Shockwave Therapy for Noncalcific Rotator Cuff Tendinopathies: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"2021","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ko, N.Y., Chang, C.N., Cheng, C.H., Yu, H.K., and Hu, G.C. (2022). Comparative Effectiveness of Focused Extracorporeal versus Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy for Knee Osteoarthritis-Randomized Controlled Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19159001"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2019.06.077","article-title":"Extracorporeal Shock Wave Stimulates Angiogenesis and Collagen Production in Facial Soft Tissue","volume":"245","author":"Alshihri","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2020.02.004","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy mechanisms in musculoskeletal regenerative medicine","volume":"11","author":"Simplicio","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, F., Li, Z., Jing, Y., Sun, L., Li, Z., and Duan, H. (2023). The effects and underlying mechanism of extracorporeal shockwave therapy on fracture healing. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1188297"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.07.719","article-title":"Effect of shock waves on macrophages: A possible role in tissue regeneration and remodeling","volume":"24","author":"Sukubo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-024-03888-w","article-title":"The application of extracorporeal shock wave therapy on stem cells therapy to treat various diseases","volume":"15","author":"Kou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Lyu, K., Lu, J., Jiang, L., Zhu, B., Liu, X., Li, Y., Liu, X., Long, L., and Wang, X. (2022). Biological response of extracorporeal shock wave therapy to tendinopathy in vivo (review). Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.851894"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70082","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.70082","article-title":"Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Low-Energy Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Various Conditions of Deep Dermal and Subdermal Fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Ko","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-018-2612-8","article-title":"Effects of the extracorporeal shock wave therapy on the skin: An experimental study","volume":"34","author":"Meyer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23353","article-title":"Facial Tightening Effects, Following Focused and Radial Acoustic Wave Therapy Assessment, Using a Three-Dimensional Digital Imaging","volume":"53","author":"Kimura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.07.644","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of cellulite\u2014A current metaanalysis","volume":"24","author":"Knobloch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4241","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14921","article-title":"Non-surgical facelift-by PDO threads and dermal filler: A case report","volume":"21","author":"Goel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2077.99451","article-title":"Complications of minimally invasive cosmetic procedures: Prevention and management","volume":"5","author":"Levy","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Aesthet. Surg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Np271","DOI":"10.1177\/19433875241286544","article-title":"Does More Invasive Surgery Result in Higher Patient Satisfaction? A Long-Term Follow-Up of 136 Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures","volume":"17","author":"Rahbin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac. Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6126","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000006126","article-title":"Nonsurgical Correction of Surgical Rhinoplasty Complications with Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: A Retrospective Review of 2088 Cases","volume":"12","author":"Harb","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2023.125221","article-title":"The use of local anaesthetics in dermatology, aesthetic medicine and plastic surgery: Review of the literature","volume":"40","author":"Walkowiak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Postep. Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_125","first-page":"133","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid dermal fillers: Can adjunctive lidocaine improve patient satisfaction without decreasing efficacy or duration? Patient Prefer","volume":"5","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adherence"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5607","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005607","article-title":"Rate and Predictors of Satisfaction after Noninvasive Facial Cosmetic Procedures: A National Study in Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Alenazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg. Glob. Open"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Np115","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjab114","article-title":"Multimodal Facial Aesthetic Treatment on the Appearance of Aging, Social Confidence, and Psychological Well-being: HARMONY Study","volume":"42","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aesthet. Surg. J."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"18","article-title":"Facial Lift and Patient Satisfaction Following Treatment with Absorbable Suspension Sutures: 12-Month Data from a Prospective, Masked, Controlled Clinical Study","volume":"12","author":"Nestor","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8828\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:11:31Z","timestamp":1765879891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/14\/24\/8828"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm14248828"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14248828","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]}}}