{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T10:15:34Z","timestamp":1765880134586,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]],"date-time":"2025-12-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765584000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondation Sant\u00e9 Outaouais","award":["FSG PR-590183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FSG PR-590183"]}]},{"name":"Fondation Sant\u00e9 Outaouais","award":["2024-2026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-2026"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Physical activity alleviates symptoms and may slow Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) progression, yet many individuals with PD remain sedentary. Kinesiophobia, the fear of movement, may represent a significant but underexplored psychological barrier to physical activity in this population. Virtual reality (VR), already effective in phobias, may represent a promising approach to address this challenge. This review initially aimed to systematically examine exposure-based interventions in VR (E-IVR) directly targeting kinesiophobia in PD. Methods: Database searches using keywords such as \u201ckinesiophobia,\u201d \u201cfear of movement,\u201d and \u201cVR\u201d combined with \u201cPD\u201d yielded no eligible studies. Consequently, the scope was broadened to include populations with neurological or musculoskeletal conditions, and a narrative review format was adopted to synthesize the available evidence. Furthermore, relevant studies of interventions in VR applied in PD, although not specifically addressing kinesiophobia, are detailed to provide evidence of efficacy and feasibility of VR interventions in PD. Finally, directions are offered to support the creation of E-IVR targeting kinesiophobia in individuals with PD. Results: Meta-analyses in neurological and musculoskeletal populations demonstrate moderate to large reductions in kinesiophobia following VR interventions, although effects vary depending on assessment tools, degree of immersion, and exposure design. In PD, VR has been applied to rehabilitation, anxiety reduction, and quality of life enhancement. These interventions achieved high adherence (\u226590%), were well tolerated, and reported no major adverse events. Conclusions: Kinesiophobia is prevalent in PD and could contribute to physical inactivity. E-IVR appears feasible, safe, and innovative for addressing kinesiophobia in people living with PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1765879044000},"page":"8837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exposure-Based Intervention in Virtual Reality to Address Kinesiophobia in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Jeanningros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychoeducation and Psychology Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-340X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Bouchard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychoeducation and Psychology Department, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"},{"name":"Psychosocial Medicine Research Center, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux de l\u2019Outaouais (CISSSO), Gatineau, QC J8T 4J3, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Potvin-Desrochers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosocial Medicine Research Center, Centre Int\u00e9gr\u00e9 de Sant\u00e9 et Services Sociaux de l\u2019Outaouais (CISSSO), Gatineau, QC J8T 4J3, Canada"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary School of Health, Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec en Outaouais (UQO), 283 Boul. Alexandre-Tach\u00e9, Gatineau, QC J8X 3X7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 08). Parkinson Disease. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/parkinson-disease."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of Parkinson disease: A review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23462","article-title":"The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"26","author":"Kurtis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. 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