{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:21:26Z","timestamp":1790400086475,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research and Development Agency (ANID) of Chile","award":["ANID + FONDEQUIP + EQM240021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANID + FONDEQUIP + EQM240021"]}]},{"name":"National Research and Development Agency (ANID)\/Human Capital Sub-directorate\/National Doctorate Scholarships 2023","award":["21230900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21230900"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enhancing our understanding of the specific characteristics that disuse-induced models should possess, based on the immobilized joint, could significantly enhance the effectiveness of research in this field. Objective: Our objective was to quantify the decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength in humans subjected to upper limb disuse-induced models. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, LILACS, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Epistemonikos databases were searched from inception to November 2025. Randomized controlled trials, cross-over clinical trials, or quasi-experimental studies performed in healthy adults \u226518 years old, subjected to an induced-disuse model to investigate the effects on skeletal muscle mass or strength were included. Results: Forty-five studies were included. Significant differences in skeletal muscle mass, equivalent to a small effect size (SMD = \u22120.453; 95% CI = \u22120.698 to \u22120.208; p &lt; 0.001) and a total loss of 3.44% (estimated average daily decline = 0.16%) were observed after 21 days of immobilization. Skeletal muscle mass loss was heterogeneous between the arm (5.03%), forearm (1.56%), and hand (4.67%) muscles. Significant differences in strength, equivalent to a large effect size (SMD = \u22121.36; 95% CI = \u22121.69 to \u22121.02; p &lt; 0.001) and a total loss of 18.06% (estimated average daily decline = 1.55%), were observed after 18 days of immobilization. Strength decreases were heterogeneous between the arm (16.67%), forearm (21.42%), and hand (10.46%) muscles. Conclusion: Based on evidence of very low certainty, upper limb disuse-induced models appear to induce a nonlinear loss of skeletal muscle mass and a suggested substantially more severe and rapid loss of strength in healthy young adults, with effects varying heterogeneously across different muscle groups. Despite data limitations, these estimates provide a basis for designing experimental countermeasures, though caution is warranted due to the heterogeneity of the findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1765879044000},"page":"8884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Quantifying the Toll of Disuse: A Meta-Analysis of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Strength Loss Following Upper Limb Immobilization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0511-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Cuyul-V\u00e1squez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Procesos Terap\u00e9uticos, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Temuco, Temuco 4813302, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3449-9738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"Ponce-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Temuco 4810344, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-7120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Salazar-M\u00e9ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y Actividad F\u00edsica, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0320-9710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Sep\u00falveda-Lara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias menci\u00f3n Biolog\u00eda Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9191-4243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Suso-Mart\u00ed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4835-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Nasri","family":"Marzuca-Nassr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ciencias de la Rehabilitaci\u00f3n, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Lluch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy in Motion Multispeciality Research Group (PTinMOTION), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Pain in Motion Research Group (PAIN), Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy (KIMA), Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050 Brussel, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8670-8346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joaqu\u00edn","family":"Calatayud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12502","article-title":"Muscle Mass, Strength, and Physical Performance Predicting Activities of Daily Living: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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