{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T14:08:55Z","timestamp":1780668535202,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background:\u00a0Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the most prevalent periodontal pathogens, involved in the development of periodontitis, deep caries, pulpitis, endodontic infections, and peri-implantitis. Antiseptics are commonly used in the treatment of oral diseases, but their effectiveness against P. gingivalis remains only partially understood. This preliminary study investigated antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of eight pure antiseptics: boric acid (BA), chlorhexidine (CHX), ethacridine lactate (ET), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), octenidine (OCT), polyhexanide (PHMB), potassium permanganate (KMnO4), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), as well as five commercial rinses containing these agents, against periopathogen P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. The Clinical Efficiency of MIC (CEMIC) was subsequently calculated. Antibiofilm activity was evaluated using the crystal violet method, LIVE\/DEAD fluorescence assay and by measuring biofilm thickness with digital microscopy in combination with the author\u2019s Python-based application Biofilm Thickness Analyzer. Results: OCT, CHX, PHMB and ET showed the strongest activity against P. gingivalis, in both its planktonic and biofilm forms. H2O2 and BA had variable MIC efficacy and moderate antibiofilm activity. In contrast, NaOCl and KMnO4 demonstrated the weakest activity or no significant effect against P. gingivalis. Conclusions: The results have a translational dimension, supporting the potential clinical relevance of the selected compounds. However, this study was conducted strictly in vitro on a single strain under monomicrobial biofilm conditions. Therefore, while the findings suggest that mouthwashes containing OCT, CHX, and PHMB may be effective against P. gingivalis, their actual clinical efficacy in the treatment and prevention of oral diseases remains to be confirmed in in vivo studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14248909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]],"date-time":"2025-12-17T10:41:23Z","timestamp":1765968083000},"page":"8909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of Antiseptics and Commercial Mouthwashes Against Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7168-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marzena","family":"Korbecka-Paczkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"},{"name":"Medi Pharm, os. Konstytucji 3 Maja 14\/2, 63-200 Jarocin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6599-9204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz M.","family":"Karpi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Pozna\u0144 University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 10, 60-806 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-3116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"O\u017carowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Fibres and Medicinal Plants\u2014National Research Institute, Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-775720160178","article-title":"Prevalence, Severity, and Risk Indicators of Gingival Inflammation in a Multi-Center Study on South American Adults: A Cross Sectional Study","volume":"24","author":"Carvajal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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