{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T12:18:12Z","timestamp":1766146692013,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The imo Vifa\u00ae is reportedly useful for diagnosing functional visual field loss; however, its potential for detecting malingering is unclear. Here, we intentionally simulated monocular visual field defects under bilateral randomized visual field testing conditions using the imo Vifa\u00ae in healthy participants and compared their resulting defect phenotypes. Methods: Twenty participants (mean age, 37.3 \u00b1 12.4 years; 12 orthoptists, 1 physician, and 7 administrative staff members) without ocular disease were enrolled. Four types of monocular visual field defects were simulated: right eye nasal hemianopia, left eye temporal hemianopia, right eye centripetal visual field constriction, and left eye central scotoma. Bilateral randomized visual field testing was performed using the AIZE-rapid mode with the 24-2 and 24plus(1) programs. Results: Accurate simulation of the intended defects was challenging. Orthoptists produced left homonymous hemianopia for right nasal hemianopia and left temporal hemianopia. Regarding right nasal hemianopia, many office workers generated patterns resembling right homonymous hemianopia-like, whereas for left temporal hemianopia, noncertified orthoptists produced patterns similar to those of left homonymous hemianopia-like. Considering the right centripetal constriction, all orthoptists produced the intended centripetal constriction, whereas non-orthoptists generated right homonymous hemianopia-like or patchy patterns. Orthoptists produced central scotomas or patchy patterns for the left central scotoma, whereas non-orthoptists generated left homonymous hemianopia-like patterns. Conclusions: Creating targeted monocular abnormalities during bilateral randomized visual field testing was challenging. Differences in the participants\u2019 understanding of visual field testing influenced the resulting patterns. In future research, having participants create monocular visual field defects under occlusion conditions would be necessary.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T12:05:35Z","timestamp":1766145935000},"page":"9","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Phenotypic Analysis of Intentionally Created Monocular Visual Field Defects During Bilateral Randomized Visual Field Testing Using the Imo Vifa\u00ae"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuiko","family":"Kawaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Chukyo Hospital, 1-1-10 Sanjo, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8510, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1535-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Takagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Chukyo Hospital, 1-1-10 Sanjo, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8510, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Kanitono Hospital, 1221-5 Dota, Kani 509-0206, Gifu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kojima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Chukyo Hospital, 1-1-10 Sanjo, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8510, Aichi, Japan"},{"name":"Nagoya Eye Clinic, Kanayama, COLLECT-MARK, 24-14, Namiyose-cho, Atsuta-ku, Nagoya 456-0003, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2153-9956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akeno","family":"Tamaoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Chukyo Hospital, 1-1-10 Sanjo, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8510, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0784-552X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatsushi","family":"Kaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization Chukyo Hospital, 1-1-10 Sanjo, Minami-ku, Nagoya 457-8510, Aichi, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajoc.2023.101877","article-title":"A case of functional visual loss diagnosed through bilateral randomized visual field testing with a trick method","volume":"32","author":"Takagi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. 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