{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:03:05Z","timestamp":1787842985381,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766620800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: End-stage chronic kidney disease (ESKD) represents a complex condition that also impacts oral health. This pilot study evaluates and compares some approaches to oral health assessment and aims to define the specific oral features common in adolescents with ESKD. Methods: A total of 50 children aged 12 to 17 years were examined, including 30 adolescents with ESKD (Group 1) and 20 adolescents without urinary pathology (Group 2). The decayed, missing, filled teeth (DMFT) index, oral hygiene index-simplified, papillary marginal attached index, and periodontal index were used for dental and periodontal assessment. The Milwaukee PH56 device was used to determine salivary pH. Oral microbiota was analyzed by chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry and polymerase chain reaction detection of periodontopathogenic bacteria. Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) biomarkers (IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, VEGF, sIgA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: DMFT did not differ between the groups. Periodontal indices in Group 1 were increased compared to Group 2 (p &lt; 0.0001). Salivary pH in Group 1 was slightly alkaline; in Group 2, it was slightly acidic (p &lt; 0.0001). Oral dysbiosis and periodontopathogenic bacteria were found in ESKD adolescents. Salivary IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, VEGF, and IL-1\u03b2 in GCF were elevated in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p &lt; 0.05). TNF-\u03b1, IL-8, and VEGF in GCF and TAC in both fluids were lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (p &lt; 0.0001). Salivary IL-8 and sIgA in both saliva and GCF did not differ between the groups. Conclusions: ESKD adolescents had poor oral hygiene and significant oral dysbiosis including periodontopathogenic bacteria. Evaluation of biomarkers in saliva and GCF allowed us to vindicate inflammation, dysbiosis severity, and periodontal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T23:52:27Z","timestamp":1766706747000},"page":"165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Oral Health Assessment in Adolescents with End-Stage Chronic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6453-1615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia Sergeevna","family":"Morozova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Diseases Propaedeutics, E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6875-9377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina Andreevna","family":"Maslikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric, Preventive Dentistry and Orthodontics, E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 121059 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0275-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Alekseevna","family":"Elovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric, Preventive Dentistry and Orthodontics, E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 121059 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7424-0627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Vladimirovna","family":"Nesterova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, A.P. Nelyubin Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119571 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9209-3803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arif Fuad","family":"Allahverdiyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Diseases Propaedeutics, E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4031-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalya Zhorzhevna","family":"Dikopova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 121059 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2674-1942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Grigorievich","family":"Volkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, E.V. Borovsky Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 121059 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3407-2224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg Vitalievich","family":"Sergeyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology Named After A.A. Vorobyov, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119019 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6196-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellina Valerievna","family":"Velichko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Digital Biodesign and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119019 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisa Dmitrievna","family":"Maltseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Digital Biodesign and Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119019 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2453-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga Leonidovna","family":"Morozova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology and Clinical Pathophysiology, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education \u201cN.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University\u201d of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University), 117513 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-1939-1","article-title":"Epidemiology of Chronic Kidney Disease in Children","volume":"27","author":"Harambat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill, N.R., Fatoba, S.T., Oke, J.L., Hirst, J.A., O\u2019Callaghan, C.A., Lasserson, D.S., and Hobbs, F.D.R. (2016). Global Prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.479","article-title":"Oral Health in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: A Scoping Review","volume":"8","author":"Laheij","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04913-9","article-title":"Oral Health in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"36","author":"Velan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9610892","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9610892","article-title":"Dental Care for Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease and Undergoing Hemodialysis","volume":"2018","author":"Costantinides","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11795565241271689","DOI":"10.1177\/11795565241271689","article-title":"Oral Health in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease, Hemodialysis, and Renal Transplantation: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of the Oral Manifestations and Dental Implications","volume":"18","author":"Elhusseiny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12965","article-title":"Oral Findings in Kidney Transplant Children and Adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Tuma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-021-05153-1","article-title":"The Impact of a Needs-Oriented Dental Prophylaxis Program on Bacteremia after Toothbrushing and Systemic Inflammation in Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"37","author":"Turnowsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e229587","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-229587","article-title":"Cyclosporine A and Amlodipine Induced Gingival Overgrowth in a Kidney Transplant Recipient: Case Presentation with Literature Review","volume":"12","author":"Nanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2017.08.018","article-title":"Location-Specific Oral Microbiome Possesses Features Associated With CKD","volume":"3","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, P.M., Humphreys, G.J., Summers, A.M., Konkel, J.E., Knight, C.G., Augustine, T., and McBain, A.J. (2020). Does the Microbiome Affect the Outcome of Renal Transplantation?. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.558644"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-024-05492-x","article-title":"The Tongue Microbiome of Young Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Their Healthy Mothers","volume":"28","author":"Hoefer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2018.10.026","article-title":"Salivary Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Healthy Adults","volume":"97","author":"Nam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.2012.01500.x","article-title":"Comparison of CCL28, Interleukin-8, Interleukin-1\u03b2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Subjects with Gingivitis, Chronic Periodontitis and Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis","volume":"48","author":"Ertugrul","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-020-00803-2","article-title":"Role of the RANK\/RANKL\/OPG and Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Systems in CKD Bone and Cardiovascular Disorders","volume":"108","author":"Dusso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-1366","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms and Future Implications of VEGF\/VEGFR in Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodzikowska, A., Kocha\u0144ska, B., Bogus\u0142awska-Kapa\u0142a, A., Stru\u017cycka, I., G\u00f3rski, B., and Miskiewicz, A. (2024). Assessment of the Salivary Concentrations of Selected Immunological Components in Adult Patients in the Late Period after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation-A Translational Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031457"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6660846","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6660846","article-title":"Potential Effects of Immunosuppression on Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis in Kidney Transplant Recipients","volume":"2021","author":"Kwiatkowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2627","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-06730-4","article-title":"Dental Caries, Oral Hygiene and Salivary Characteristics in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case\u2013Control Study","volume":"40","author":"Sezer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2018). Mass Spectrometry. Principles and Applications of Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"599","article-title":"The Level of Dysbiosis of the Oral Cavity Depends on the Type of Dental Prosthesis of the Patient","volume":"124","author":"Perepelova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bratisl. Lek. Listy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandes, G.V.O., Mosley, G.A., Ross, W., Dagher, A., Martins, B.G.d.S., and Fernandes, J.C.H. (2024). Revisiting Socransky\u2019s Complexes: A Review Suggesting Updated New Bacterial Clusters (GF-MoR Complexes) for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. Microorganisms, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.1812.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-014-1355-6","article-title":"A Case-Control Study on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life in Kidney Disease Patients Undergoing Haemodialysis","volume":"19","author":"Pakpour","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, Q., Yin, F.-T., Zhang, Q., Yuan, C., Ye, M.-Y., Wang, X.-L., Li, J.-J., and Gan, Y.-H. (2018). Carious Status and Supragingival Plaque Microbiota in Hemodialysis Patients. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204674"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05590-6","article-title":"Assessment of the Oral Health Status of Children with Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"38","author":"Sezer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"e211","article-title":"Is there Association Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Dental Caries? A Case-Controlled Study","volume":"24","author":"Menezes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-025-06698-1","article-title":"Oral Health Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease, Kidney Transplantation, and Nephrotic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"40","author":"Beyer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costacurta, M., Di Lauro, M., Cornali, K., Docimo, R., and Noce, A. (2025). Developmental Defects of Enamel and Dental Caries in Pediatric Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease\u2013Mineral Bone Disorders. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15031164"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_149_20","article-title":"Assessment of Oral Health-Related Quality of Life among Expatriate Working Population, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"10","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2011.00018.x","article-title":"Indices for Measuring Periodontitis: A Literature Review","volume":"61","author":"Dhingra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04989-1","article-title":"Association Between Serum Biomarkers and Oral Health Status in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"27","author":"Sezer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"2481","article-title":"Health and Oral Health-Related Quality of Life of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"28","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Qual. Life Res. Int. J. Qual. Life Asp. Treat. Care Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Wu, J., Zhu, J., Wang, X., and Song, J. (2022). Bibliometric Analysis of Research Trends and Characteristics of Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth. Front. Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.979861"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1724872","article-title":"Exploring the Putative Interactions Between Chronic Kidney Disease and Chronic Periodontitis","volume":"46","author":"Hickey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12393","article-title":"The Oral Microbiome: Role of Key Organisms and Complex Networks in Oral Health and Disease","volume":"87","author":"Sedghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, X.-M., Zhou, L.-X., Tsang, M.-W., Tai, W.C.-S., and Wong, S.-C.C. (2024). The Oral Microbial Ecosystem in Age-Related Xerostomia: A Critical Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252312815"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2025.102955","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Toxigenic Clostridioides Difficile in Subgingival Biofilm of Severe Periodontitis","volume":"93","year":"2025","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiba, T., Komatsu, K., Sudo, T., Sawafuji, R., Saso, A., Ueda, S., Watanabe, T., Nemoto, T., Kano, C., and Nagai, T. (2021). Comparison of Periodontal Bacteria of Edo and Modern Periods Using Novel Diagnostic Approach for Periodontitis With Micro-CT. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.723821"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae643","article-title":"State-of-the-Art Review: Modern Approach to Nocardiosis-Diagnosis, Management, and Uncertainties","volume":"80","author":"Yetmar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01537-23","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.01537-23","article-title":"Rhodococcus Infection: A 10-Year Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Experience and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile","volume":"62","author":"Ranganath","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chmielewski, M., Za\u0142achowska, O., Komandera, D., Albert, A., Wierzbowska, M., Kwapisz, E., Katkowska, M., G\u0119bska, A., and Garbacz, K. (2024). The Oral Cavity\u2014Another Reservoir of Antimicrobial-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus?. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13070649"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos, J., Pires, M.F., Sousa, M., Campos, C., da Costa, C.F.F.A., and Sampaio-Maia, B. (2023). Unveiling the Relevance of the Oral Cavity as a Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization Site and Potential Source of Antimicrobial Resistance. Pathogens, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12060765"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1097\/TP.0000000000004926","article-title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics: Immunosuppressive Drugs and Microbiome Interactions in Transplantation","volume":"108","author":"Mohamed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12371","article-title":"Polymicrobial Communities in Periodontal Disease: Their Quasi-Organismal Nature and Dialogue with the Host","volume":"86","author":"Hajishengallis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Periodontol. 2000"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0017022","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00170-22","article-title":"Fusobacterium Nucleatum Metabolically Integrates Commensals and Pathogens in Oral Biofilms","volume":"7","author":"Sakanaka","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baciu, S.F., Mesaro\u0219, A.-\u0218., and Kacso, I.M. (2023). Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis Interplay\u2014A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20021298"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04629-0","article-title":"Relationship Between Chronic Periodontitis and Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.36740\/WLek202106141","article-title":"Features of development of generalized periodontitis in persons with secretory immunoglobulin a deficiency and its treatment (literature review)","volume":"74","author":"Sylenko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wiad. Lek."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abe, K., Takahashi, A., Fujita, M., Imaizumi, H., Hayashi, M., Okai, K., and Ohira, H. (2018). Dysbiosis of Oral Microbiota and Its Association with Salivary Immunological Biomarkers in Autoimmune Liver Disease. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198757"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-018-0072-3","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in the Oral Cavity Is Driven by Individual-Specific Bacterial Communities","volume":"4","author":"Behuliak","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Zhang, Y.-L., Liu, X.-Y., Meng, X., Zhao, R.-Q., Ou, L.-L., Li, B.-Z., and Xing, T. (2021). Periodontitis Exacerbates and Promotes the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Through Oral Flora, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.656372"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahendra, J., Palathingal, P., Mahendra, L., Alzahrani, K.J., Banjer, H.J., Alsharif, K.F., Halawani, I.F., Muralidharan, J., Annamalai, P.T., and Verma, S.S. (2022). Impact of Red Complex Bacteria and TNF-\u03b1 Levels on the Diabetic and Renal Status of Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in the Presence and Absence of Periodontitis. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030451"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"171","article-title":"Lack of Association Between the VEGFA Gene Rs699947 Polymorphism and Periodontal Disease","volume":"18","author":"Dembowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"653537","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Parameters in Saliva and Its Association with Periodontal Disease and Types of Bacteria","volume":"2015","author":"Pastor","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"}],"container-title":["Journal of Clinical Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/1\/165\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:09:01Z","timestamp":1766707741000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2077-0383\/15\/1\/165"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["jcm15010165"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm15010165","relation":{},"ISSN":["2077-0383"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2077-0383","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]]}}}