{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T05:14:26Z","timestamp":1766985266346,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["IDUB.A507.24.028."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDUB.A507.24.028."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SUBZ.A500.25.019."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBZ.A500.25.019."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009687","name":"Wroclaw Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SUBK.C160.23.014."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUBK.C160.23.014."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009687","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: PAR 1 (protease-activated receptor 1) and endothelin 1 are biomarkers that could be of significance in kidney diseases. Methods: We measured the plasma levels of PAR1 and endothelin 1 in patients with membranous nephropathy (n = 19), focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) (n = 30), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 22), IgA nephropathy (n = 16), mesangial proliferative (non-IgA) glomerulonephritis (n = 7), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (n = 27), and hemodialysis (n = 26), as well as a healthy control group (n = 22). Then, for two years, we tracked the patients\u2019 clinical progress (creatinine, total protein, and albumin levels) and compared the outcomes with their initial PAR 1 and endothelin 1 levels. Moreover, we checked the correlations between PAR 1 and endothelin 1 and the results of anti-PAR1 and anti-ETAR (endothelin A receptor) evaluations. Results: Membranous nephropathy, FSGS, IgA nephropathy, CKD, and hemodialysis patients had higher PAR 1 levels than the control group. PAR 1 correlated with total protein, albumin in SLE, total protein in IgA nephropathy, and creatinine in CKD. Endothelin 1 correlated with albumin in membranous nephropathy, total protein, albumin, creatinine in FSGS, total protein in IgA nephropathy, total protein, and albumin in CKD. PAR 1 correlated with anti-PAR 1 in FSGS. Anti-ETAR correlated with anti-PAR 1 in membranous nephropathy, FSGS, and IgA nephropathy. Conclusions: PAR 1 levels are elevated in some kidney diseases compared to the healthy population. Both PAR 1 and endothelin 1 are supposed to be related to the clinical course of specific kidney diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:50:42Z","timestamp":1766969442000},"page":"221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Influence of PAR 1 and Endothelin 1 on the Course of Specific Kidney Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1248-081X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Szymczak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantation Medicine and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcelina","family":"\u017babi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3216-438X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Ko\u015bcielska-Kasprzak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Bartoszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Non-Procedural Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Heidecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CellTrend Gmbh, Im Biotechnologiepark 3 TGZ II, 14943 Luckenwalde, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7297-8717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Schulze-Forster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CellTrend Gmbh, Im Biotechnologiepark 3 TGZ II, 14943 Luckenwalde, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u0141ucja","family":"Janek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2812-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Kujawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1454-2068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Wronowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Statistical Analysis Center, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Marek-Bukowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantation Medicine and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5477-2020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Go\u0142\u0119biowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantation Medicine and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-1551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw","family":"Banasik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Nephrology, Transplantation Medicine and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12959-019-0194-8","article-title":"Protease-activated receptors (PARs): Mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic modulators in PAR-driven inflammatory diseases","volume":"17","author":"Heuberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Thromb. 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