{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T11:34:44Z","timestamp":1792150484579,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JCM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), neck pain (NP), and cervicogenic headache (CGH) frequently co-occur. We aimed to assess TMD prevalence and orofacial clinical features in adults with NP or CGH versus asymptomatic controls. Methods: We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to 31 July 2025. Eligible designs were analytical cross-sectional studies comparing TMD prevalence, signs, or symptoms between NP\/CGH patients and controls. Outcomes included TMD prevalence, jaw mobility, masticatory muscle pressure pain thresholds (PPT), and palpation findings. Risk of bias was appraised with the JBI analytical cross-sectional checklist. Random-effects meta-analyses synthesized odds ratios (ORs) for dichotomous and mean\/standardized mean differences (MDs\/SMDs) for continuous outcomes; heterogeneity was quantified with I2 (and \u03c42 where available). Small-study effects were inspected visually (k &lt; 10). Certainty of evidence was assessed with GRADE. Results: From 4130 records, nine studies met the criteria (eight NP, 400 subjects; one CGH, 44 subjects). NP was associated with higher TMD prevalence versus controls (OR 3.64, 95% CI 1.35\u20139.84; I2 = 13%). Jaw mobility was reduced in either pain-free opening (one study), unassisted opening (one study), or maximum assisted opening (three studies; MD \u22126.16 mm, 95% CI \u221210.05; \u22122.28; I2 = 83%). PPTs were lower in symptomatic groups for masseter (SMD \u22121.11, 95% CI \u22121.89 to \u22120.32; three studies; I2 = 92.6%) and temporalis (SMD \u22120.77, 95% CI \u22121.04 to \u22120.50; five studies; I2 = 69%). Myofascial trigger points and pain on palpation of masticatory muscles or TMJ were more frequent in experimental groups. Discussion: The findings suggest consistent associations between NP\/CGH and TMD prevalence with signs of orofacial dysfunctions. Certainty of evidence was very low due to the cross-sectional design, incomplete confounding control, and moderate heterogeneity for several outcomes. Conclusions: Adults with NP\/CGH show higher TMD prevalence and reduced jaw mobility with lower masticatory PPTs. The results support integrated assessment, and prospective longitudinal studies are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm15010266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:33:25Z","timestamp":1767191605000},"page":"266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Temporomandibular Disorders and Orofacial Outcomes in Subjects with Neck Pain and\/or Cervicogenic Headache: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6434-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), B-1090 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Giusti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pernici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5969-3339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Bulzacca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1683-7203","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Asquini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9683-9975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Maselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8981-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Firas","family":"Mourad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, LUNEX University of Applied Sciences, 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Luxembourg Health & Sport Sciences Research Institute A.s.b.l., 50, Avenue du Parc des Sports, 4671 Differdange, Luxembourg"},{"name":"Facolt\u00e0 Dipartimentale di Medicina e Chirurgia, Universit\u00e0 Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Balli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pisacane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Bagnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Manzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Pompi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9692-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Scafoglieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Anatomy Research Group (EXAN), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), B-1090 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","article-title":"Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD) for Clinical and Research Applications: Recommendations of the International RDC\/TMD Consortium Network* and Orofacial Pain Special Interest Group","volume":"28","author":"Schiffman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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